Form: 10-Q

Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

November 12, 2024

Documents

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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024

OR
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from ______ to ______

Commission File Number: 1-12672
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland   77-0404318
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
 
4040 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1000
Arlington, Virginia 22203
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(703) 329-6300
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report) 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share AVB New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes ☒                    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes ☒                    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐
 
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐                    No ☒
 
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of common stock as of the latest practicable date:

142,237,233 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding as of October 31, 2024.

Table of Contents
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
FORM 10-Q
INDEX
 
  PAGE
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION  
   
ITEM 1. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS  
     
 
     
 
     
 
     
 
   
   
   
   
 
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   



Table of Contents


AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
  September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023
  (unaudited)  
ASSETS    
Real estate:    
Land and improvements $ 4,854,683  $ 4,720,331 
Buildings and improvements 20,070,553  19,438,195 
Furniture, fixtures and equipment 1,354,107  1,238,330 
  26,279,343  25,396,856 
Less accumulated depreciation (7,990,115) (7,521,962)
Net operating real estate 18,289,228  17,874,894 
Construction in progress, including land 1,088,496  1,268,915 
Land held for development 154,906  199,062 
Real estate assets held for sale, net 37,088  — 
Total real estate, net 19,569,718  19,342,871 
Cash and cash equivalents 552,356  397,890 
Restricted cash 240,121  133,070 
Unconsolidated investments 227,831  220,145 
Deferred development costs 49,620  53,122 
Prepaid expenses and other assets 511,771  396,442 
Right of use lease assets 156,994  134,674 
Total assets $ 21,308,411  $ 20,678,214 
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY    
Unsecured notes, net $ 7,656,910  $ 7,256,152 
Variable rate unsecured credit facility and commercial paper, net —  — 
Mortgage notes payable, net 718,352  725,670 
Dividends payable 244,519  238,072 
Payables for construction 81,263  87,703 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 402,590  310,868 
Lease liabilities 175,401  153,232 
Accrued interest payable 80,225  57,911 
Resident security deposits 64,267  63,815 
Total liabilities 9,423,527  8,893,423 
Commitments and contingencies
Redeemable noncontrolling interests —  1,473 
Equity:    
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; $25 liquidation preference; 50,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023; zero shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023
 —  — 
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 280,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023; 142,236,607 and 142,025,456 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively
 1,422  1,420 
Additional paid-in capital 11,303,799  11,287,626 
Accumulated earnings less dividends 551,436  478,156 
Accumulated other comprehensive income 28,227  16,116 
Total equity 11,884,884  11,783,318 
Total liabilities and equity $ 21,308,411  $ 20,678,214 
 
See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
1
Table of Contents
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
  For the three months ended September 30, For the nine months ended September 30,
  2024 2023 2024 2023
Revenue:    
   Rental and other income $ 732,591  $ 695,701  $ 2,167,866  $ 2,057,492 
   Management, development and other fees 1,716  1,934  5,342  5,712 
            Total revenue 734,307  697,635  2,173,208  2,063,204 
Expenses:    
   Operating expenses, excluding property taxes 193,041  175,191  548,553  509,871 
   Property taxes 82,419  78,399  243,255  227,882 
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries 1,573  18,959  7,235  23,212 
   Interest expense, net 55,769  48,115  167,613  156,521 
   Loss on extinguishment of debt, net —  150  —  150 
   Depreciation expense 212,122  200,982  631,314  606,271 
   General and administrative expense 20,089  20,466  60,006  58,542 
   Casualty and impairment loss —  3,499  2,935  8,550 
            Total expenses 565,013  545,761  1,660,911  1,590,999 
Income from unconsolidated investments 30,720  1,930  46,389  11,745 
Gain on sale of communities 172,973  22,121  241,459  209,430 
Other real estate activity 314  237  636  707 
Income before income taxes 373,301  176,162  800,781  694,087 
Income tax expense (782) (4,372) (698) (7,715)
Net income 372,519  171,790  800,083  686,372 
Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests —  241  (181) 484 
Net income attributable to common stockholders $ 372,519  $ 172,031  $ 799,902  $ 686,856 
Other comprehensive income:    
   Gain on cash flow hedges 470  15,502  12,308  23,988 
   Cash flow hedge (gains) losses reclassified to earnings (274) 354  (197) 1,062 
Comprehensive income $ 372,715  $ 187,887  $ 812,013  $ 711,906 
Earnings per common share - basic:    
          Net income attributable to common stockholders $ 2.62  $ 1.21  $ 5.62  $ 4.86 
Earnings per common share - diluted:    
          Net income attributable to common stockholders $ 2.61  $ 1.21  $ 5.62  $ 4.86 

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands)

Common
stock		 Additional
paid-in
capital		 Accumulated
earnings
less
dividends		 Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss)		 Total
equity
Balance at December 31, 2023 $ 1,420  $ 11,287,626  $ 478,156  $ 16,116  $ 11,783,318 
Net income attributable to common stockholders —  —  173,449  —  173,449 
Gain on cash flow hedges, net —  —  —  7,339  7,339 
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings —  —  —  146  146 
Dividends declared to common stockholders ($1.70 per share)
 —  —  (242,701) —  (242,701)
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings 2  (16,226) 467  —  (15,757)
Amortization of deferred compensation —  8,440  —  —  8,440 
Balance at March 31, 2024 $ 1,422  $ 11,279,840  $ 409,371  $ 23,601  $ 11,714,234 
Net income attributable to common stockholders —  —  253,934  —  253,934 
Gain on cash flow hedges, net —  —  —  4,499  4,499 
Cash flow hedge gains reclassified to earnings —  —  —  (69) (69)
Noncontrolling interest activity —  (77) —  —  (77)
Dividends declared to common stockholders ($1.70 per share)
 —  —  (242,173) —  (242,173)
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings —  (153) 2  —  (151)
Amortization of deferred compensation —  11,297  —  —  11,297 
Balance at June 30, 2024 $ 1,422  $ 11,290,907  $ 421,134  $ 28,031  $ 11,741,494 
Net income attributable to common stockholders —  —  372,519  —  372,519 
Gain on cash flow hedges, net —  —  —  470  470 
Cash flow hedge gains reclassified to earnings —  —  —  (274) (274)
Dividends declared to common stockholders ($1.70 per share)
 —  —  (242,221) —  (242,221)
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings —  3,254  4  —  3,258 
Amortization of deferred compensation —  9,638  —  —  9,638 
Balance at September 30, 2024 $ 1,422  $ 11,303,799  $ 551,436  $ 28,227  $ 11,884,884 


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Common
stock		 Additional
paid-in
capital		 Accumulated
earnings
less
dividends		 Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss)		 Total
equity
Balance at December 31, 2022 $ 1,400  $ 10,765,508  $ 485,221  $ 1,424  $ 11,253,553 
Net income attributable to common stockholders —  —  146,902  —  146,902 
Loss on cash flow hedges, net —  —  —  (340) (340)
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings —  —  —  354  354 
Noncontrolling interest activity —  —  (286) —  (286)
Dividends declared to common stockholders ($1.65 per share)
 —  —  (230,958) —  (230,958)
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings 1  (11,554) 1,590  —  (9,963)
Repurchase of common stock, including repurchase costs —  (539) (590) —  (1,129)
Amortization of deferred compensation —  11,123  —  —  11,123 
Balance at March 31, 2023 $ 1,401  $ 10,764,538  $ 401,879  $ 1,438  $ 11,169,256 
Net income attributable to common stockholders —  —  367,923  —  367,923 
Gain on cash flow hedges, net —  —  —  8,826  8,826 
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings —  —  —  354  354 
Noncontrolling interest activity —  —  (367) —  (367)
Dividends declared to common stockholders ($1.65 per share)
 —  —  (234,774) —  (234,774)
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings 19  494,643  43  —  494,705 
Repurchase of common stock, including repurchase costs —  (369) (413) —  (782)
Amortization of deferred compensation —  10,424  —  —  10,424 
Balance at June 30, 2023 $ 1,420  $ 11,269,236  $ 534,291  $ 10,618  $ 11,815,565 
Net income attributable to common stockholders —  —  172,031  —  172,031 
Gain on cash flow hedges, net —  —  —  15,502  15,502 
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings —  —  —  354  354 
Noncontrolling interest activity —  —  (564) —  (564)
Dividends declared to common stockholders ($1.65 per share)
 —  —  (234,777) —  (234,777)
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings —  (28) (1) —  (29)
Amortization of deferred compensation —  9,519  —  —  9,519 
Balance at September 30, 2023 $ 1,420  $ 11,278,727  $ 470,980  $ 26,474  $ 11,777,601 


See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands)
  For the nine months ended September 30,
  2024 2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income $ 800,083  $ 686,372 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation expense 631,314  606,271 
Amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discount 9,995  9,450 
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net —  150 
Amortization of stock-based compensation 20,241  21,849 
Equity in (income) loss of, and return on, unconsolidated investments and noncontrolling interests, net of eliminations (27,290) 2,895 
Impairment loss 1,415  4,173 
Abandonment of development pursuits 7,235  23,212 
Cash flow hedge (gains) losses reclassified to earnings (197) 1,062 
Gain on sale of real estate assets (242,032) (210,409)
Increase in prepaid expenses and other assets (32,965) (3,206)
Increase in accrued expenses, other liabilities and accrued interest payable 111,266  72,023 
Net cash provided by operating activities 1,279,065  1,213,842 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Development/redevelopment of real estate assets including land acquisitions and deferred development costs (691,744) (691,543)
Acquisition of real estate assets (278,363) (83,348)
Capital expenditures - existing real estate assets (136,431) (121,644)
Capital expenditures - non-real estate assets (4,554) (13,116)
(Decrease) increase in payables for construction (6,440) 22,956 
Proceeds from sale of real estate and for-sale condominiums, net of selling costs 502,808  359,477 
Note receivable lending (65,913) (47,616)
Note receivable payments 237  230 
Distributions from unconsolidated entities and investment sale proceeds 7,178  5,385 
Unconsolidated investments (9,367) (13,645)
Net cash used in investing activities (682,589) (582,864)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Issuance of common stock, net 7,232  494,810 
Repurchase of common stock, net —  (1,911)
Dividends paid (720,136) (688,486)
Net borrowings under unsecured credit facility and commercial paper —  69,989 
Repayments of mortgage notes payable, including prepayment penalties (9,131) (45,700)
Issuance of unsecured notes 398,788  — 
Repayment of unsecured notes —  (400,000)
Payment of deferred financing costs (3,762) (662)
Receipt for termination of forward interest rate swaps 16,839  — 
Payments related to tax withholding for share-based compensation (16,602) (10,529)
Noncontrolling interests, joint venture and preferred equity transactions (8,187) (2,628)
Net cash used in financing activities (334,959) (585,117)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 261,517  45,861 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period 530,960  734,245 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period $ 792,477  $ 780,106 
Cash paid during the period for interest, net of amount capitalized $ 135,420  $ 130,680 
See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (dollars in thousands):
September 30, 2024 September 30, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents $ 552,356  $ 508,571 
Restricted cash 240,121  271,535 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows $ 792,477  $ 780,106 

Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities:

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024:

•As described in Note 4, "Equity," the Company issued 250,806 shares of common stock as part of the Company's stock-based compensation plans, of which 146,725 shares related to the conversion of performance awards to shares of common stock, and the remaining 104,081 shares valued at $18,020,000 were issued in connection with new stock grants; 12,290 shares valued at $1,972,000 were issued in conjunction with the conversion of deferred stock awards; 2,777 shares valued at $521,000 were issued through the Company's dividend reinvestment plan; 93,181 shares valued at $16,643,000 were withheld to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities; and 4,021 restricted shares with an aggregate value of $732,000 were forfeited.

•Common stock dividends declared but not paid totaled $243,029,000.

•The Company recorded (i) an increase to prepaid expenses and other assets of $12,308,000 and a corresponding adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income; and (ii) reclassified $197,000 of cash flow hedge gains from other comprehensive income to interest expense, net, to record the impact of the Company's derivative and hedging activity.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

•The Company issued 152,894 shares of common stock as part of the Company's stock-based compensation plans, of which 60,016 shares related to the conversion of performance awards to shares of common stock, and the remaining 92,878 shares valued at $16,507,000 were issued in connection with new stock grants; 2,577 shares valued at $463,000 were issued through the Company's dividend reinvestment plan; 62,482 shares valued at $10,559,000 were withheld to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities; and 2,119 restricted shares with an aggregate value of $413,000 were forfeited.

•Common stock dividends declared but not paid totaled $235,659,000.

•The Company recorded (i) an increase to prepaid expenses and other assets of $23,988,000 and a corresponding adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income; and (ii) reclassified $1,062,000 of cash flow hedge losses from other comprehensive income to interest expense, net, to record the impact of the Company's derivative and hedging activity.
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AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(unaudited)

1.  Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

Organization and Basis of Presentation

AvalonBay Communities, Inc. (the "Company," which term, unless the context otherwise requires, refers to AvalonBay Communities, Inc. together with its subsidiaries) is a Maryland corporation that has elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") for federal income tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). The Company develops, redevelops, acquires, owns and operates multifamily communities in New England, the New York/New Jersey metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, the Pacific Northwest, and Northern and Southern California, as well as in the Company's expansion regions of Raleigh-Durham and Charlotte, North Carolina, Southeast Florida, Dallas and Austin, Texas, and Denver, Colorado.

At September 30, 2024, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 305 apartment communities containing 92,908 apartment homes in 12 states and the District of Columbia, of which 19 communities were under development. The Company also owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in land or rights to land on which the Company expects to develop an additional 28 communities that, if developed as expected, will contain an estimated 9,091 apartment homes.

The interim unaudited financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") for interim financial information and in conjunction with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements required by GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. These unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the "Form 10-K"). The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full year. Management believes the disclosures are adequate to ensure the information presented is not misleading. In the opinion of management, all adjustments and eliminations, consisting only of normal, recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the financial statements for the interim periods, have been included.

Capitalized terms used without definition have meanings provided elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents includes all cash and liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less from the date acquired. Restricted cash includes principal reserve funds that are restricted for the repayment of specified secured financing, amounts the Company has designated for planned 1031 exchange activity and resident security deposits. The majority of the Company's cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are held at major commercial banks.

Earnings per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. All outstanding unvested restricted share awards contain rights to non-forfeitable dividends and participate in undistributed earnings with common stockholders and, accordingly, are considered participating securities that are included in the two-class method of computing basic earnings per common share. Both the unvested restricted shares and other potentially dilutive common shares, and the related impact to earnings, are considered when calculating earnings per common share on a diluted basis. Diluted earnings per common share was computed using the treasury stock method for performance awards, options and participating securities. The Company's earnings per common share are determined as follows (dollars in thousands, except per share data):
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  For the three months ended September 30, For the nine months ended September 30,
  2024 2023 2024 2023
Basic and diluted shares outstanding    
Weighted average common shares - basic 142,038,838  141,838,841  141,981,920  141,128,506 
Weighted average DownREIT units outstanding —  —  —  4,670 
Effect of dilutive securities 477,846  359,258  394,514  315,499 
Weighted average common shares - diluted 142,516,684  142,198,099  142,376,434  141,448,675 
Calculation of Earnings per Common Share - basic    
Net income attributable to common stockholders $ 372,519  $ 172,031  $ 799,902  $ 686,856 
Net income allocated to unvested restricted shares (706) (309) (1,537) (1,229)
Net income attributable to common stockholders - basic $ 371,813  $ 171,722  $ 798,365  $ 685,627 
Weighted average common shares - basic 142,038,838  141,838,841  141,981,920  141,128,506 
Earnings per common share - basic $ 2.62  $ 1.21  $ 5.62  $ 4.86 
Calculation of Earnings per Common Share - diluted    
Net income attributable to common stockholders $ 372,519  $ 172,031  $ 799,902  $ 686,856 
Add: noncontrolling interests of DownREIT unitholders in consolidated partnerships, including discontinued operations —  —  —  25 
Net income attributable to common stockholders - diluted $ 372,519  $ 172,031  $ 799,902  $ 686,881 
Weighted average common shares - diluted 142,516,684  142,198,099  142,376,434  141,448,675 
Earnings per common share - diluted $ 2.61  $ 1.21  $ 5.62  $ 4.86 
 
Certain options to purchase shares of common stock in the amounts of 9,793 and 25,537 were outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and certain forward contracts to sell shares of common stock in the amounts of 3,757,922 were outstanding as of September 30, 2024, and were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per common share because such options and forward sale contracts were anti-dilutive for the period.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company enters into interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements (collectively, "Hedging Derivatives") for interest rate risk management purposes and in conjunction with certain variable rate secured debt to satisfy lender requirements. The Company does not enter into Hedging Derivatives for trading or other speculative purposes. The Company assesses the effectiveness of qualifying cash flow and fair value hedges, both at inception and on an ongoing basis. The fair values of Hedging Derivatives that are in an asset position are recorded in prepaid expenses and other assets. The fair values of Hedging Derivatives that are in a liability position are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities. Fair value changes for derivatives that are not in qualifying hedge relationships are reported as a component of interest expense, net. For the Hedging Derivatives that qualify as effective cash flow hedges, the Company records the cumulative changes in the Hedging Derivatives fair value in accumulated other comprehensive income. Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income will be reclassified into earnings in the periods earnings are affected by the hedged cash flow. The effective portion of the change in fair value of the Hedging Derivatives that qualify as effective fair value hedges is reported as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the corresponding hedged item. Receipts or payments associated with the gains and losses on the Company’s cash flow hedges are presented as a component of cash flows from financing activities in the period the hedges are terminated and the payments for the Company’s derivatives that are not qualifying for hedging relationships are presented as a component of cash flows from operating activities. See Note 11, “Fair Value,” for further discussion of derivative financial instruments.

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Acquisitions of Investments in Real Estate

The Company accounts for real estate acquisitions as either an asset acquisition or a business combination. Under either model, the Company identifies and determines the fair value of any assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree. Typical assets acquired and liabilities assumed include land, building, furniture, fixtures and equipment, debt and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of above or below market leases and in-place leases. The Company utilizes various sources to determine fair value, including its own analysis of recently acquired and existing comparable properties in its portfolio and other market data. Consideration for acquisitions is typically in the form of cash unless otherwise disclosed. For a business combination, the Company records the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the fair value of each respective item. For an asset acquisition, the purchase price is allocated based on the relative fair value of the net assets. The Company expenses all applicable acquisition costs for a business combination and capitalizes all applicable acquisition costs for an asset acquisition. The Company expects that acquisitions of individual operating communities will generally be asset acquisitions.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to amounts in prior years' financial statements and notes to the financial statements to conform to current year presentations as a result of changes in held for sale classification, disposition activity and segment classification.

Income Taxes

The Company recognized an income tax expense of $782,000 and $698,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and an income tax expense of $4,372,000 and $7,715,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The income tax expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 is primarily related to The Park Loggia, a mixed-use development in New York, New York, comprised of for-sale condominiums and retail.

Leases

The Company is party to leases as both a lessor and a lessee, primarily as follows:

•lessor of residential and commercial space within its apartment communities; and
•lessee under (i) ground leases for land underlying current operating or development communities and certain commercial and parking facilities and (ii) office leases for its corporate headquarters and regional offices.

Lessee Considerations

The Company assesses whether a contract is or contains a lease based on whether the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, including specified portions of larger assets, for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

The Company’s leases include both fixed and variable lease payments that are based on an index or rate such as the consumer price index (CPI) or percentage rents based on total sales. Variable lease payments are generally not included in the lease liability, but recognized as variable lease expense in the period in which they are incurred.

For leases that have options to extend the term or terminate the lease early, the Company only factored the impact of such options into the lease term if the option was considered reasonably certain to be exercised. The Company determined the discount rate associated with its ground and office leases on a lease-by-lease basis using the Company’s actual borrowing rates as well as indicative market pricing for longer term rates and taking into consideration the remaining term of the lease agreements. For leases that are 12 months or less, the Company elected the practical expedient to recognize the lease payments on a straight-line basis.

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Lessor Considerations

The Company's residential and commercial leases at its apartment communities are operating leases. For leases that include rent concessions and/or fixed and determinable rent increases, rental income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the noncancellable term of the lease, which, for residential leases, is generally one year. Some of the Company’s commercial leases have renewal options which the Company will only include in the lease term if, at the commencement of the lease, it is reasonably certain that the lessee will exercise this option.

For the Company’s leases, which are comprised of a lease component and common area maintenance as a non-lease component, the Company determined that (i) the leases are operating leases, (ii) the lease component is the predominant component and (iii) all components of its operating leases share the same timing and pattern of transfer.

Revenue and Gain Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue for the transfer of goods and services to customers for consideration that the Company expects to receive. The majority of the Company’s revenue is derived from residential and commercial rental and other lease income, which are accounted for as discussed above, under "Leases". The Company's revenue streams that are not accounted for as residential and commercial rental and other lease income include (i) management, development and other fees, (ii) non-lease related revenue and (iii) gains or losses on the sale of real estate.

The following table details the Company’s revenue disaggregated by reportable operating segment, further discussed in Note 8, “Segment Reporting,” for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. Segment information for total revenue excludes real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2023 through September 30, 2024, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of September 30, 2024, as described in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities" (dollars in thousands):

Same Store Other
Stabilized 		Development/
Redevelopment 		Non-
allocated (1)		 Total
For the three months ended September 30, 2024
Management, development and other fees and other ancillary items $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 1,716  $ 1,716 
Non-lease related revenue (2) 1,996  1,429  104  —  3,529 
Total non-lease revenue 1,996  1,429  104  1,716  5,245 
Lease income (3) 675,583  30,217  20,004  —  725,804 
Total revenue $ 677,579  $ 31,646  $ 20,108  $ 1,716  $ 731,049 
For the three months ended September 30, 2023
Management, development and other fees and other ancillary items $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 1,934  $ 1,934 
Non-lease related revenue (2) 3,057  1,268  40  —  4,365 
Total non-lease revenue 3,057  1,268  40  1,934  6,299 
Lease income (3) 654,516  19,485  1,548  —  675,549 
Total revenue $ 657,573  $ 20,753  $ 1,588  $ 1,934  $ 681,848 

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Same Store Other
Stabilized		 Development/
Redevelopment		 Non-
allocated (1)		 Total
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024
Management, development and other fees and other ancillary items $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 5,342  $ 5,342 
Non-lease related revenue (2) 7,033  4,047  352  —  11,432 
Total non-lease revenue 7,033  4,047  352  5,342  16,774 
Lease income (3) 2,006,338  80,231  41,565  —  2,128,134 
Total revenue $ 2,013,371  $ 84,278  $ 41,917  $ 5,342  $ 2,144,908 
For the nine months ended September 30, 2023
Management, development and other fees and other ancillary items $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 5,712  $ 5,712 
Non-lease related revenue (2) 8,482  3,436  69  —  11,987 
Total non-lease revenue 8,482  3,436  69  5,712  17,699 
Lease income (3) 1,936,507  49,071  1,773  —  1,987,351 
Total revenue $ 1,944,989  $ 52,507  $ 1,842  $ 5,712  $ 2,005,050 
__________________________________
(1)Represents third-party property management, developer fees and miscellaneous income and other ancillary items which are not allocated to a reportable segment.
(2)Amounts include revenue streams related to leasing activities that are not considered components of a lease, and revenue streams not related to leasing activities including, but not limited to, application fees, renters insurance fees and vendor revenue sharing.
(3)Represents residential and commercial rental and other lease income, as discussed above, under "Leases".

Due to the nature and timing of the Company’s identified revenue streams, there were no material amounts of outstanding or unsatisfied performance obligations as of September 30, 2024.

Uncollectible Lease Revenue Reserves

The Company assesses the collectability of its lease revenue and receivables on an ongoing basis by (i) assessing the probability of receiving all lease amounts due on a lease-by-lease basis, (ii) fully reserving for leases where collection of substantially all of the remaining lease payments is not probable and (iii) subsequently, will only recognize revenue to the extent cash is received. If the Company determines that collection of the remaining lease payments becomes probable at a future date, the Company will recognize the cumulative revenue that would have been recorded under the original lease agreement.

In addition to the specific reserves recognized, the Company also evaluates its lease receivables for collectability at a portfolio level. The Company recognizes a reserve on a portfolio level when the uncollectible revenue is probable and reasonably estimable. The Company applies this reserve to the Company’s revenue and receivables not addressed as part of the specific reserve.

The Company recorded an aggregate offset to income for uncollectible lease revenue, net of amounts received from government rent relief programs, for its residential and commercial portfolios of $11,669,000 and $13,363,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $35,450,000 and $43,667,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Segment Reporting - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires disclosures of significant segment expenses provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and will be effective for annual periods beginning January 1, 2024 and interim periods beginning January 1, 2025. The Company is assessing the standard and does not expect the standard to have a material effect on the Company’s disclosures.
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In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires (i) a tabular rate reconciliation of the reported income tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations into specific categories, (ii) separate disclosure for any reconciling items within certain categories above a quantitative threshold, (iii) disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by federal, state and material jurisdictions and (iv) disclosure of income tax expense from continuing operations disaggregated by federal and state. The new standard will be effective for annual periods beginning January 1, 2025. The Company is assessing the standard and does not expect the standard to have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

2.  Interest Capitalized

The Company capitalizes interest during the development and redevelopment of real estate assets. Capitalized interest associated with the Company's development or redevelopment activities totaled $10,348,000 and $12,170,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $33,146,000 and $34,794,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

3.  Debt

The Company's debt, which consists of unsecured notes, mortgage notes payable, the Credit Facility and the Commercial Paper Program, each as defined below, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 is summarized below. The following amounts and discussion do not include the mortgage notes related to the communities classified as held for sale, if any, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, as shown in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (dollars in thousands) (see Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities"). The weighted average interest rates in the following table for secured and unsecured notes include costs of financing such as credit enhancement fees, trustees' fees, the impact of interest rate hedges and mark-to-market adjustments.
  September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023
Fixed rate unsecured notes $ 7,700,000  3.4  % $ 7,300,000  3.3  %
Fixed rate mortgage notes payable - conventional and tax-exempt 333,560  3.9  % 333,892  3.9  %
Variable rate mortgage notes payable - conventional and tax-exempt 401,350  4.7  % 410,150  5.5  %
Total mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes 8,434,910  3.5  % 8,044,042  3.5  %
Credit Facility —  —  % —  —  %
Commercial paper —  —  % —  —  %
Total principal outstanding 8,434,910  3.5  % 8,044,042  3.5  %
Less deferred financing costs and debt discount (1) (59,648) (62,220)
Total $ 8,375,262  $ 7,981,822 
_____________________________________
(1)Excludes deferred financing costs and debt discount associated with the Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Program which are included in prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company has a $2,250,000,000 revolving variable rate unsecured credit facility with a syndicate of banks (the "Credit Facility") which matures in September 2026. The interest rate that would be applicable to borrowings under the Credit Facility was 5.77% at September 30, 2024 and was composed of (i) the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"), applicable to the period of borrowing for a particular draw of funds from the facility (e.g., one month to maturity, three months to maturity, etc.), plus (ii) the current borrowing spread to SOFR of 0.805% per annum, which consisted of a 0.10% SOFR adjustment plus 0.705% per annum, assuming a daily SOFR borrowing rate. The borrowing spread to SOFR can vary from SOFR plus 0.63% to SOFR plus 1.38% based upon the rating of the Company's unsecured senior notes. There is also an annual facility commitment fee of 0.12% of the borrowing capacity under the facility, which can vary from 0.095% to 0.295% based upon the rating of the Company's unsecured senior notes. The Credit Facility contains a sustainability-linked pricing component which provides for interest rate margin and commitment fee reductions or increases by meeting or missing targets related to environmental sustainability, specifically greenhouse gas emission reductions, with the adjustment determined annually. The annual determination under the sustainability-linked pricing component occurred in July 2024, maintaining reductions of approximately 0.02% to the interest rate margin and 0.005% to the commitment fee due to our achievement of sustainability targets.

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The availability on the Company's Credit Facility as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was as follows (dollars in thousands):
  September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023
Credit Facility commitment $ 2,250,000  $ 2,250,000 
Credit Facility outstanding —  — 
Commercial paper outstanding —  — 
Letters of credit outstanding (1) (1,814) (1,914)
Total Credit Facility available $ 2,248,186  $ 2,248,086 
_____________________________________
(1)In addition, the Company had $58,263 and $58,116 outstanding in additional letters of credit unrelated to the Credit Facility as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The Company has an unsecured commercial paper note program (the “Commercial Paper Program”) with the maximum aggregate face or principal amount outstanding at any one time not to exceed $500,000,000. Under the terms of the Commercial Paper Program, the Company may issue, from time to time, unsecured commercial paper notes with varying maturities of less than one year. The Commercial Paper Program is backstopped by the Company's commitment to maintain available borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility in an amount equal to actual borrowings under the Commercial Paper Program.

In May 2024, the Company issued $400,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in a public offering under its existing shelf registration statement for proceeds net of underwriting fees of approximately $396,188,000, before considering the impact of other offering costs. The notes mature in June 2034 and were issued at a 5.35% interest rate, resulting in a 5.05% effective rate including the impact of issuance costs and hedging activity.

In the aggregate, secured notes payable mature at various dates from March 2027 through July 2066, and are secured by certain apartment communities (with a net carrying value of $1,254,473,000, excluding communities classified as held for sale, as of September 30, 2024).

Scheduled payments and maturities of secured notes payable and unsecured notes outstanding at September 30, 2024 were as follows (dollars in thousands):

Year Secured notes principal
payments and maturities		 Unsecured notes maturities Stated interest rate of
 unsecured notes
2024 $ 461  $ 300,000  3.50  %
2025 10,765  525,000  3.45  %
300,000  3.50  %
2026 11,811  475,000  2.95  %
300,000  2.90  %
2027 250,159  400,000  3.35  %
2028 18,902  450,000  3.20  %
400,000  1.90  %
2029 132,661  450,000  3.30  %
2030 9,100  700,000  2.30  %
2031 9,700  600,000  2.45  %
2032 10,400  700,000  2.05  %
2033 12,000  350,000  5.00  %
400,000  5.30  %
Thereafter 268,951  400,000  5.35  %
350,000  3.90  %
300,000  4.15  %
300,000  4.35  %
  $ 734,910  $ 7,700,000   

The Company was in compliance at September 30, 2024 with customary covenants under the Credit Facility and the indentures under which the unsecured notes were issued.
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4.  Equity

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company's charter had authorized for issuance a total of 280,000,000 shares of common stock and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company:

i.issued 32,605 shares of common stock in connection with stock options exercised;
ii.issued 2,777 shares of common stock through the Company's dividend reinvestment plan;
iii.issued 250,806 shares of common stock in connection with restricted stock grants and the conversion of performance awards to shares of common stock;
iv.issued 12,290 shares of common stock in connection with the conversion of deferred stock awards;
v.issued 9,875 shares of common stock through the Employee Stock Purchase Plan;
vi.withheld 93,181 shares of common stock to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities; and
vii.canceled 4,021 shares of restricted common stock upon forfeiture.

Deferred compensation granted under the Company's Second Amended and Restated 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the "Plan") does not impact the Company's Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements until recognized as compensation cost.

The Company has a continuous equity program (the "CEP") under which the Company may sell (and/or enter into forward sale agreements for the sale of) up to $1,000,000,000 of its common stock from time to time. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company entered into forward contracts under the CEP to sell 203,297 shares of common stock for approximate proceeds, net of fees, of $44,066,000, based on the gross weighted average price of $219.92 per share, with settlement of the forward contracts expected to occur on one or more dates not later than December 31, 2025. The final proceeds will be determined on the date(s) of settlement and are subject to certain customary adjustments for the Company's dividends and a daily interest factor. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no other sales under the CEP. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had $661,251,000 remaining authorized for issuance under the CEP, after consideration of the forward contracts.

In addition, during the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 3,680,000 shares of its common stock at a discount to the closing price of $226.52 per share, net of offering fees, offered in connection with forward contracts entered into with certain financial institutions acting as forward purchasers. Assuming full physical settlement of the forward contracts, which the Company expects to occur no later than December 31, 2025, the Company will receive approximate proceeds, net of offering fees and discounts of $808,606,000, based on the initial forward price. The final proceeds will be determined on the date(s) of settlement and are subject to certain customary adjustments for the Company's dividends and a daily interest factor.

The Company has a stock repurchase program under which the Company may acquire shares of its common stock in open market or negotiated transactions up to an aggregate purchase price of $500,000,000 (the "Stock Repurchase Program"). During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company had no repurchases of shares under this program. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company repurchased 11,800 shares of common stock, at an average price of $161.96 per share. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had $314,237,000 remaining authorized for purchase under this program.

5.  Investments

Investments in Consolidated Real Estate Entities

The following real estate acquisitions occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

Community name Location Period Apartment homes Purchase price
Avalon at Pier 121 Lewisville, TX Q2 2024 300 $ 62,100 
Avalon Perimeter Park Morrisville, NC Q3 2024 262 $ 66,500 
Avalon Cherry Hills Englewood, CO Q3 2024 306 $ 95,000 
AVA Balboa Park San Diego, CA Q3 2024 100 $ 51,000 

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The Company accounted for these purchases as asset acquisitions and recorded the acquired assets and assumed liabilities, including identifiable intangibles, at their relative fair values based on the purchase price and acquisition costs incurred. The Company uses third-party pricing or internal models for the value of the land, a valuation model for the value of the building, and an internal model to determine the fair value of the remaining real estate assets and in-place leases. Given the heterogeneous nature of multifamily real estate, the fair values for the land, real estate assets and in-place leases incorporated significant unobservable inputs and therefore are considered to be Level 3 prices within the fair value hierarchy.

Structured Investment Program

The Company operates a Structured Investment Program (the “SIP”), an investment platform through which the Company provides mezzanine loans or preferred equity to third-party multifamily developers. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had seven commitments to fund up to $191,585,000 in the aggregate. The Company's investment commitments have a weighted average rate of return of 11.5% and a weighted average initial maturity date of December 2026. At September 30, 2024, the Company had funded $162,373,000 of these commitments. The Company recognized interest income of $4,657,000 and $1,752,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $11,773,000 and $3,864,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, from the SIP. Interest income and any change in the expected credit loss are included as a component of income from unconsolidated investments, on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

The Company evaluates each SIP commitment to determine the classification as a loan or an investment in a real estate development project. As of September 30, 2024, all of the SIP commitments are classified as loans. The Company includes amounts outstanding under the SIP as a component of prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company evaluates the credit risk for each commitment on an ongoing basis, estimating the reserve for credit losses using relevant available information from internal and external sources. Market-based historical credit loss data provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses, with adjustments, if necessary, for differences in current commitment-specific risk characteristics, such as the amount of equity capital provided by a borrower, nature of the real estate being developed or other factors.

Unconsolidated Investments

As of September 30, 2024, the Company had investments in five unconsolidated entities with real estate holdings, with ownership interest percentages ranging from 20.0% to 50.0%, coupled with other unconsolidated investments including property technology and environmentally focused companies and investment management funds. For the Arts District joint venture, which owns an apartment community that completed development during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and in which the Company has an ownership interest of 25.0%, the Company has provided the lender a payment guarantee for 30% of the venture's construction loan maximum borrowing capacity, on behalf of the venture. At September 30, 2024, the construction loan had an outstanding balance of $152,240,000 and maximum borrowing capacity of $167,147,000. Any amounts payable under the 30% construction loan guarantee by the Company are obligations of the venture partners in proportion to their ownership interest, and in the event the Company is obligated to perform under its construction loan guarantee, its joint venture partner is obligated to reimburse the Company for 75% of amounts paid.

The Company accounts for its unconsolidated investments under the equity method of accounting, net asset value or under the measurement alternative with the carrying amount of the investment adjusted to fair value when there is an observable transaction for the same or similar investment of the same issuer indicating a change in fair value. The significant accounting policies of the unconsolidated investments are consistent with those of the Company in all material respects. Certain of these investments are subject to various buy‑sell provisions or other rights which are customary in real estate joint venture agreements. The Company and its partners in these entities may initiate these provisions to either sell the Company's interest or acquire the interest from the Company's partner.
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Expensed Transaction, Development and Other Pursuit Costs

The Company capitalizes costs associated with its development activities to the basis of land held when future development is probable ("Development Rights"), or if the Company has either not yet acquired the land or if the project is subject to a leasehold interest, the costs are capitalized as deferred development costs. Future development of these Development Rights is dependent upon various factors, including zoning and regulatory approval, rental market conditions, construction costs and the availability of capital. Costs incurred for pursuits for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. If the Company determines a Development Right is no longer probable, the Company recognizes any necessary expense to write down its basis in the Development Right. The Company assesses its portfolio of land held for development as well as for investment for impairment if the intent of the Company changes with respect to either the development of, or the expected holding period for, the land. The Company expensed costs related to development pursuits not yet considered probable for development and other development related activity, in the amounts of $1,573,000 and $18,959,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $7,235,000 and $23,212,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These costs are included in expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The amounts for 2023 include write-offs of $17,111,000 related to three Development Rights in Northern and Southern California and the Mid-Atlantic that the Company determined are no longer probable. These costs can vary greatly, and the costs incurred in any given period may be significantly different in future periods.

Long-Lived Assets Casualty Loss

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recognized charges of $2,935,000 for the property damage to certain of the Company's communities, reported as casualty and impairment loss on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized $3,499,000 and $8,550,000, respectively, for the property damage to certain of the Company's communities, reported as casualty and impairment loss on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The charge for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, relates to flooding and water damage at communities in California from extensive rainfall and a fire at a community in New Jersey. The charge for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, relates to damage to certain communities in the Northeast and California regions from severe weather.

6.  Real Estate Disposition Activities

The following real estate sales occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

Community name Location Period of sale Apartment homes Gross sales price Gain on
 disposition (1)		 Commercial square feet
AVA Belltown Seattle, WA Q2 2024 100 $ 34,000  $ 22,673  1,000 
AVA North Hollywood Los Angeles, CA Q2 2024 156 $ 62,100  $ 874  11,000 
Avalon Hackensack at Riverside Hackensack, NJ Q2 2024 226 $ 85,600  $ 44,834  — 
AVA Theater District Boston, MA Q3 2024 398 $ 212,000  $ 77,254  — 
Avalon Darien Darien, CT Q3 2024 189 $ 120,000  $ 95,732  — 
_________________________________
(1)    Gain on disposition was reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

At September 30, 2024, the Company had two real estate assets that qualified as held for sale.

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7. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Contingencies

The Company recognizes a loss associated with contingent legal matters when the loss is probable and estimable.

In 2022 and early 2023, the Company was named as a defendant in cases brought by private litigants alleging antitrust violations by RealPage, Inc. and owners and/or operators of multifamily housing which utilize revenue management systems provided by RealPage, Inc. The Company engaged with the plaintiffs' counsel to explain why it believed that these cases were without merit as they pertained to the Company. Following these discussions, the plaintiffs filed a notice of voluntary dismissal in July 2023, which resulted in the Company being dismissed without prejudice from these cases.

Subsequently, on November 1, 2023, the District of Columbia filed a lawsuit in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia against RealPage, Inc. and 14 owners and/or operators of multifamily housing in the District of Columbia, including the Company, alleging that the defendants violated the District of Columbia Antitrust Act by unlawfully agreeing to use RealPage, Inc. revenue management systems and sharing sensitive data (the “D.C. Antitrust Litigation”). On May 29, 2024, the Superior Court granted, with prejudice, the Company’s motion to dismiss this case as it pertains to the Company. See Note 12, "Subsequent Events," for further discussion of the D.C. Antitrust Litigation.

The Company is not currently a defendant of any other cases with allegations similar to those above.

The Company is involved in various other claims and/or administrative proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of its business. While no assurances can be given, the Company does not currently believe that any of these other outstanding litigation matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.

Lease Obligations

The Company owns seven apartment communities, two commercial properties and one development right located on land subject to ground leases expiring between July 2046 and May 2123. The Company has purchase options for all ground leases expiring prior to 2062. The ground leases for six of the seven apartment communities, the two commercial properties and one development right are operating leases, with rental expense recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company entered into a new ground lease, expiring May 2123, for a development right, resulting in minimum lease payments over the term of the lease of $155,600,000 and a lease liability balance of $25,297,000 as of September 30, 2024. In addition, the Company is party to 15 leases for its corporate and regional offices with varying terms through 2031, all of which are operating leases.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had total operating lease assets of $128,796,000 and $106,146,000, respectively, and lease obligations of $155,435,000 and $133,220,000, respectively, reported as components of right of use lease assets and lease liabilities, respectively, on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company incurred costs of $4,166,000 and $4,081,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $12,543,000 and $12,167,000, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to operating leases.

The Company has one apartment community located on land subject to a ground lease and four leases for portions of parking garages adjacent to apartment communities that are finance leases. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had total finance lease assets of $28,198,000 and $28,528,000, respectively, and total finance lease obligations of $19,965,000 and $20,012,000, respectively, reported as components of right of use lease assets and lease liabilities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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8.  Segment Reporting

The Company's reportable operating segments include Same Store, Other Stabilized and Development/Redevelopment. Annually as of January 1, the Company determines which of its communities fall into each of these categories and generally maintains that classification throughout the year for the purpose of reporting segment operations, unless disposition or redevelopment plans regarding a community change. In addition, the Company owns land for future development and has other corporate assets that are not allocated to an operating segment.

The Company's segment disclosures present the measure(s) used by the CODM for assessing each segment's performance. The Company's CODM is comprised of several members of its executive management team who use net operating income ("NOI") as the primary financial measure for Same Store communities and Other Stabilized communities. NOI is defined by the Company as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), property management and other indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income, expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, income from unconsolidated investments, depreciation expense, income tax (benefit) expense, casualty and impairment loss, gain on sale of communities, other real estate activity and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale. The CODM evaluates the Company's financial performance on a consolidated residential and commercial basis. The commercial results attributable to the non-apartment components of the Company's mixed-use communities and other nonresidential operations represent 1.6% and 1.7% of total NOI for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and 1.7% and 1.8% of total NOI for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Although the Company considers NOI a useful measure of a community's or communities' operating performance, NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income or net cash flow from operating activities, as determined in accordance with GAAP. NOI excludes a number of income and expense categories as detailed in the reconciliation of NOI to net income and consistent with how the Company's CODM evaluates total NOI.

In conjunction with the Company’s continued centralization of operating activities into a shared services model, the Company changed its presentation for centralized shared service costs to reflect these platform costs in property management and other indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income for all periods presented. Total property management and other indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 as presented in the following table includes $3,133,000 and $9,429,000, respectively, of shared services costs for this change.

A reconciliation of NOI to net income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (dollars in thousands):
  For the three months ended September 30, For the nine months ended September 30,
  2024 2023 2024 2023
Net income $ 372,519  $ 171,790  $ 800,083  $ 686,372 
Property management and other indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income 40,149  33,554  112,906  99,606 
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries 1,573  18,959  7,235  23,212 
Interest expense, net 55,769  48,115  167,613  156,521 
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net —  150  —  150 
General and administrative expense 20,089  20,466  60,006  58,542 
Income from unconsolidated investments (30,720) (1,930) (46,389) (11,745)
Depreciation expense 212,122  200,982  631,314  606,271 
Income tax expense 782  4,372  698  7,715 
Casualty and impairment loss —  3,499  2,935  8,550 
Gain on sale of communities (172,973) (22,121) (241,459) (209,430)
Other real estate activity (314) (237) (636) (707)
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale (2,036) (10,537) (18,501) (39,005)
        Net operating income $ 496,960  $ 467,062  $ 1,475,805  $ 1,386,052 

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The following is a summary of NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):
For the three months ended September 30, For the nine months ended September 30,
2024 2023 2024 2023
Rental income from real estate assets sold or held for sale $ 3,258  $ 15,787  $ 28,300  $ 58,154 
Operating expenses from real estate assets sold or held for sale (1,222) (5,250) (9,799) (19,149)
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale $ 2,036  $ 10,537  $ 18,501  $ 39,005 

The primary performance measure for communities under development or redevelopment depends on the stage of completion. While under development, management monitors actual construction costs against budgeted costs as well as lease-up pace and rent levels compared to budget.

The following table details the Company's segment information as of the dates specified (dollars in thousands). The segments are classified based on the individual community's status at January 1, 2024. Segment information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 has been adjusted to exclude the real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2023 through September 30, 2024, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of September 30, 2024, as described in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities."
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  For the three months ended For the nine months ended
  Total
revenue		 NOI Total
revenue		 NOI Gross real estate (1)
For the period ended September 30, 2024  
Same Store      
New England $ 91,982  $ 61,758  $ 271,263  $ 184,215  $ 2,798,805 
Metro NY/NJ 135,374  90,689  403,462  275,337  4,382,578 
Mid-Atlantic 105,465  70,905  310,762  213,005  3,767,527 
Southeast Florida 24,292  15,150  73,271  46,902  1,101,440 
Denver, CO 10,369  7,315  30,738  22,049  505,910 
Pacific Northwest 44,155  31,315  131,188  93,702  1,532,051 
Northern California 107,860  76,293  321,132  227,486  3,788,817 
Southern California 149,491  103,050  446,020  311,576  5,085,618 
Other Expansion Regions 8,591  5,287  25,535  16,512  478,552 
Total Same Store 677,579  461,762  2,013,371  1,390,784  23,441,298 
Other Stabilized 31,646  21,171  84,278  57,447  1,557,340 
Development / Redevelopment 20,108  14,027  41,917  27,574  2,249,625 
Land Held for Development N/A N/A N/A N/A 154,906 
Non-allocated (2) 1,716  N/A 5,342  N/A 119,576 
Total $ 731,049  $ 496,960  $ 2,144,908  $ 1,475,805  $ 27,522,745 
For the period ended September 30, 2023  
Same Store      
New England $ 88,256  $ 58,585  $ 259,673  $ 174,156  $ 2,768,023 
Metro NY/NJ 131,701  89,294  389,250  268,536  4,365,736 
Mid-Atlantic 101,888  70,578  300,865  210,835  3,725,935 
Southeast Florida 23,831  15,426  72,198  47,358  1,097,837 
Denver, CO 10,272  7,231  30,176  21,337  504,590 
Pacific Northwest 42,308  29,800  126,710  90,376  1,521,311 
Northern California 105,974  75,927  316,533  227,469  3,748,596 
Southern California 144,695  100,468  424,147  294,637  5,019,118 
Other Expansion Regions 8,648  5,475  25,437  16,404  475,223 
Total Same Store 657,573  452,784  1,944,989  1,351,108  23,226,369 
Other Stabilized 20,753  14,288  52,507  35,809  1,077,588 
Development / Redevelopment 1,588  (10) 1,842  (865) 1,397,887 
Land Held for Development N/A N/A N/A N/A 183,158 
Non-allocated (2) 1,934  N/A 5,712  N/A 69,520 
Total $ 681,848  $ 467,062  $ 2,005,050  $ 1,386,052  $ 25,954,522 
__________________________________
(1)Does not include gross real estate assets held for sale of $68,263 as of September 30, 2024 and gross real estate either sold or classified as held for sale subsequent to September 30, 2023 of $451,795.
(2)Revenue represents third-party property management, developer fees and miscellaneous income and other ancillary items which are not allocated to a reportable segment.

9.  Stock-Based Compensation Plans

As part of its long-term compensation plans, the Company has granted stock options, performance awards and restricted stock under the Plan. Details of the outstanding awards and activity under the Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 are presented below.



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Stock Options:
Options Weighted average exercise
price per option
Options Outstanding at December 31, 2023 303,784  $ 181.99 
Granted (1) 13,759  172.11 
Exercised (32,605) 179.78 
Forfeited —  — 
Expired (5,062) 180.32 
Options Outstanding at September 30, 2024 279,876  $ 181.79 
Options Exercisable at September 30, 2024 255,891  $ 181.77 
__________________________________
(1)All options are from recipient elections to receive a portion of earned restricted stock awards in the form of stock options.

Performance Awards:
Performance awards Weighted average grant date fair value per award
Outstanding at December 31, 2023 275,202  $ 210.52 
  Granted (1) 95,782  185.97 
  Change in awards based on performance (2) 30,375  216.50 
  Converted to shares of common stock (146,725) 201.07 
  Forfeited (3,966) 202.13 
Outstanding at September 30, 2024 250,668  $ 207.52 
__________________________________
(1)The shares of common stock that may be earned is based on the total shareholder return metrics for the Company's common stock for 52,683 performance awards and financial metrics related to operating performance and leverage metrics of the Company for 43,099 performance awards.
(2)Represents the change in the number of performance awards earned based on performance achievement.

The Company used a Monte Carlo model to assess the compensation cost associated with the portion of the performance awards granted for which achievement will be determined by using total shareholder return measures. For the awards granted in 2024, the assumptions used are as follows:
2024
Dividend yield 3.9%
Estimated volatility over the life of the plan (1)
20.5% - 22.8%
Risk free rate
3.92% - 4.59%
Estimated performance award value based on total shareholder return measure $189.47
__________________________________
(1)Estimated volatility over the life of the plan is using 50% historical volatility and 50% implied volatility.

For the portion of the performance awards granted in 2024 for which achievement will be determined by using financial metrics, the compensation cost was based on an average grant date value of $175.54.

Restricted Stock:
Restricted stock shares Weighted average grant date fair value per share
Outstanding at December 31, 2023 173,291  $ 194.68 
  Granted 104,081  173.14 
  Vested (86,369) 194.67 
  Forfeited (4,021) 181.97 
Outstanding at September 30, 2024 186,982  $ 182.97 

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Total employee stock-based compensation cost recognized in income was $20,338,000 and $22,112,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and total capitalized stock-based compensation cost was $9,183,000 and $9,269,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. At September 30, 2024, there was a total unrecognized compensation cost of $35,357,000 for unvested restricted stock, stock options and performance awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.9 years. Forfeitures are included in compensation cost as they occur.

10.  Related Party Arrangements

Unconsolidated Entities

The Company manages unconsolidated real estate entities and provides other real estate related services to third parties, for which it receives asset management, property management, construction, development and redevelopment fee revenue. From these entities, the Company earned fees of $1,716,000 and $1,934,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $5,342,000 and $5,712,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In addition, the Company had outstanding receivables associated with its property and construction management roles of $2,461,000 and $7,946,000 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Director Compensation

The Company recorded non-employee director compensation expense relating to restricted stock grants and deferred stock units in the amount $599,000 for both the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 and $1,798,000 and $1,845,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, as a component of general and administrative expense. Deferred compensation relating to these restricted stock grants and deferred stock units to non-employee directors was $1,265,000 and $799,000 on September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, reported as a component of prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

11.  Fair Value

Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value

Derivative Financial Instruments

Hedging Derivatives are carried at fair value in the Company's financial statements. The Company minimizes its credit risk on these transactions by dealing with major, creditworthy financial institutions which have an A or better credit rating by the Standard & Poor's Ratings Group or equivalent, and monitors the credit ratings of counterparties and the exposure of the Company to any single entity. The Company believes the likelihood of realizing losses from counterparty nonperformance is remote. The Company determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, such as interest rate, term to maturity and volatility. The Hedging Derivatives credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives use Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads, which the Company concluded are not significant. As a result, the Company determined that its derivative valuations are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

The following table summarizes the consolidated derivative positions at September 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands):
Non-designated Hedges Cash Flow Hedges
Interest Rate Caps Interest Rate Swaps
Notional balance $ 391,846 $ 100,000
Weighted average interest rate (1) 4.7  % N/A
Weighted average capped/swapped interest rate 6.7  % 3.2  %
Earliest maturity date February 2026 May 2025
Latest maturity date January 2027 June 2025
____________________________________
(1)For debt hedged by interest rate caps, represents the weighted average interest rate on the hedged debt prior to any impact of the associated interest rate caps.

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During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company entered into $100,000,000 of new forward interest rate swap agreements to reduce the impact of variability in interest rates on a portion of the Company's anticipated future debt issuance activity through December 31, 2025. The Company expects to cash settle the swaps and either pay or receive cash for the then current fair value. Assuming that the Company issues the debt as expected, the hedging impact from these positions will then be recognized over the life of the issued debt as a yield adjustment.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company terminated $250,000,000 of forward interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges of the interest rate variability on the issuance of unsecured notes, receiving $16,839,000. Of the $250,000,000 forward interest rate swap agreements terminated, $50,000,000 were entered into during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The Company has deferred these amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets and is recognizing the impact as a component of interest expense, net, over the term of the respective hedged debt.

The Company had certain derivatives not designated as hedges during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, for which fair value changes during each of the respective periods were not material.

The Company anticipates reclassifying approximately $1,094,000 of net hedging gains from accumulated other comprehensive income into earnings within the next 12 months as an offset to the hedged item during this period.

Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash, cash equivalent and restricted cash balances are held with various financial institutions within accounts designed to preserve principal. The Company monitors credit ratings of these financial institutions and the concentration of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash balances with any one financial institution and believes the likelihood of realizing material losses related to cash, cash equivalent and restricted cash balances is remote. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are carried at their face amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair values and are Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.

Other Financial Instruments

Rents and other receivables and prepaid expenses, accounts and construction payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities are carried at their face amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair values. The Company determined that its notes receivables approximate fair value, because interest rates, yields and other terms are consistent with interest rates, yields and other terms currently available for similar instruments and are considered to be a Level 2 price within the fair value hierarchy.

Equity Securities

The Company has direct equity investments in property technology and environmentally focused companies. These investments are accounted for using the measurement alternative and are valued at the market price of observable transactions. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recognized income and unrealized gains of $25,261,000 and $34,822,000, respectively, related to these investments, which was reported as a component of income from unconsolidated investments on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

Indebtedness

The Company values its fixed rate unsecured notes using quoted market prices, a Level 1 price within the fair value hierarchy. The Company values its mortgage notes payable and any outstanding amounts under the Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Program using a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each instrument. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the instrument, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves. The process also considers credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect the Company's nonperformance risk. The Company has concluded that the value of its mortgage notes payable and any outstanding amounts under the Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Program are Level 2 prices as the majority of the inputs used to value its positions fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

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Financial Instruments Measured/Disclosed at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following tables summarize the classification between the three levels of the fair value hierarchy of the Company's financial instruments measured/disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis (dollars in thousands):
September 30, 2024
Description Total Fair Value Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for Identical Assets
(Level 1)		 Significant
Other
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)		 Significant
Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
Assets
Investments
Notes Receivable, net $ 195,161  $ —  $ 195,161  $ — 
Non-designated Hedges
Interest Rate Caps 5  —  5  — 
Interest Rate Swaps - Assets 470  —  470  — 
Total Assets $ 195,636  $ —  $ 195,636  $ — 
Liabilities
Indebtedness
Fixed rate unsecured notes $ 7,290,429  $ 7,290,429  $ —  $ — 
Mortgage notes payable and Commercial Paper Program
 672,254  —  672,254  — 
Total Liabilities $ 7,962,683  $ 7,290,429  $ 672,254  $ — 
December 31, 2023
Description Total Fair Value Quoted Prices
in Active
Markets for Identical Asset
(Level 1)		 Significant
Other
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)		 Significant
Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
Assets
Investments
Notes Receivable, net $ 118,127  $ —  $ 118,127  $ — 
Non-designated Hedges
Interest Rate Caps 85  —  85  — 
Interest Rate Swaps - Assets 5,163  —  5,163  — 
Total Assets $ 123,375  $ —  $ 123,375  $ — 
Liabilities
Interest Rate Swaps - Liabilities $ 162  $ —  $ 162  $ — 
Indebtedness
Fixed rate unsecured notes 6,716,631  6,716,631  —  — 
Mortgage notes payable and Commercial Paper Program
 644,313  —  644,313  — 
Total Liabilities $ 7,361,106  $ 6,716,631  $ 644,475  $ — 
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12.  Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date on which this Form 10-Q was filed, the date on which these financial statements were issued, and identified the items below for discussion.

In October 2024, the Company had the following activity:

•The Company sold Avalon New Canaan, located in New Canaan, CT, containing 104 apartment homes for $75,000,000.

•The Company acquired Avalon Townhomes at Bee Cave, located in Bee Cave, TX, containing 126 townhomes for a purchase price of $49,000,000.

•The District of Columbia filed a motion asking the court to reconsider the Company's dismissal from the D.C. Antitrust Litigation or give the District of Columbia leave to amend its original complaint. The Company intends to file a reply opposing this motion. The Company is unable to predict the outcome or estimate the loss, if any, that would result from the lawsuit if the court were to grant the District of Columbia’s motion, or if the District of Columbia were to appeal the lawsuit and the appeal were to be granted. See Note 7, "Commitments and Contingencies," for further discussion of the D.C. Antitrust Litigation.
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ITEM 2.    MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is intended to help provide an understanding of our business, financial condition and results of operations. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. This report, including the following MD&A, contains forward-looking statements regarding future events or trends that should be read in conjunction with the factors described under "Forward-Looking Statements" included in this report. Actual results or developments could differ materially from those projected in such statements as a result of the factors described under "Forward-Looking Statements" as well as the risk factors described in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the "Form 10-K") and in Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this report.

Capitalized terms used without definition have the meanings provided elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.

Executive Overview

Business Description

AvalonBay Communities, Inc. (the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” which terms, unless the context otherwise requires, refer to AvalonBay Communities, Inc. together with its subsidiaries), is a Maryland corporation that has elected to be treated as a real
estate investment trust (“REIT”) for federal income tax purposes. We develop, redevelop, acquire, own and operate multifamily apartment communities in New England, the New York/New Jersey metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, the Pacific Northwest, and Northern and Southern California, as well as in our expansion regions of Raleigh-Durham and Charlotte, North Carolina, Southeast Florida, Dallas and Austin, Texas, and Denver, Colorado. We focus on leading metropolitan areas that we believe are generally characterized by growing employment in high wage sectors of the economy, higher cost of home ownership and a diverse and vibrant quality of life. We believe these market characteristics have offered, and will continue to offer, the opportunity for superior risk-adjusted returns over the long-term on apartment community investments relative to other markets that do not have these characteristics.

Our principal financial goal is to increase long-term shareholder value through the development, redevelopment, acquisition, ownership, operation and asset management and, when appropriate, disposition of apartment communities in our markets. To help meet this goal, we regularly (i) monitor our investment allocation by geographic market and product type, (ii) develop, redevelop and acquire apartment communities in our selected markets, (iii) efficiently operate our communities to maximize resident satisfaction and shareholder return, (iv) selectively sell apartment communities that no longer meet our long term strategy or when opportunities are presented to realize a portion of the value created through our investment and redeploy the proceeds from those sales and (v) maintain a capital structure that we believe is aligned with our business risks and allows us to maintain continuous access to cost-effective capital. We pursue our development, redevelopment, investment and operating activities with the purpose of “Creating a Better Way to Live.”

Third Quarter 2024 Operating Highlights

•Net income attributable to common stockholders for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was $372,519,000, an increase of $200,488,000, or 116.5%, from the prior year period. The increase is primarily attributable to increases in real estate sales and related gains and an increase in NOI from communities over the prior year period.

•Same Store NOI attributable to our apartment rental operations, including parking and other ancillary residential revenue ("Residential"), for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was $456,664,000, an increase of $9,170,000, or 2.0%, over the prior year period. The increase over the prior year period was due to an increase in Residential revenue of $20,205,000, or 3.1%, partially offset by an increase in Residential property operating expenses of $11,035,000, or 5.4%.

Third Quarter 2024 Development Highlights

At September 30, 2024, we owned or held a direct or indirect interest in:

•19 wholly-owned communities under construction, which are expected to contain 6,855 apartment homes with a projected total capitalized cost of $2,683,000,000.

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•Land or rights to land on which we expect to develop an additional 28 apartment communities that, if developed as expected, will contain 9,091 apartment homes.

Third Quarter 2024 Real Estate Transactions Highlights

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we had the following activity:

•We sold two wholly-owned communities containing 587 apartment homes for $332,000,000, for a gain in accordance with GAAP of $172,986,000.

•We acquired three wholly-owned community containing 668 apartment homes for a purchase price of $212,500,000.

In addition, in October 2024, we had the following activity:

•We sold Avalon New Canaan, located in New Canaan, CT, containing 104 apartment homes for $75,000,000.

•We acquired Avalon Townhomes at Bee Cave, located in Bee Cave, TX, containing 126 townhomes for a purchase price of $49,000,000.

Communities Overview

Our real estate investments consist primarily of current operating apartment communities ("Current Communities"), consolidated and unconsolidated communities in various stages of development ("Development" communities and "Unconsolidated Development" communities) and Development Rights (as defined below). Our Current Communities are further classified as Same Store communities, Other Stabilized communities, Redevelopment communities and Unconsolidated communities. While we generally establish the classification of communities on an annual basis, we update the classification of communities during the calendar year to the extent that our plans with regard to the disposition or redevelopment of a community change, or if something occurs that materially impacts the operations of a community such as a casualty loss. The following is a description of each category:

Current Communities are categorized as Same Store, Other Stabilized, Redevelopment, or Unconsolidated according to the following attributes:

•Same Store is composed of consolidated communities where a comparison of operating results from the prior year to the current year is meaningful as these communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy as of the beginning of the prior year period. For the nine month periods ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, Same Store communities are consolidated for financial reporting purposes, had stabilized occupancy as of January 1, 2023, are not conducting or are not probable to conduct substantial redevelopment activities and are not held for sale as of September 30, 2024 or probable for disposition to unrelated third parties within the current year. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy at the earlier of (i) attainment of 90% physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of development or redevelopment.

•Other Stabilized is composed of completed consolidated communities that we own and that are not Same Store but which have stabilized occupancy, as defined above, as of January 1, 2024, or which were acquired subsequent to January 1, 2023. Other Stabilized excludes communities that are conducting or are probable to conduct substantial redevelopment activities within the current year, as defined below.

•Redevelopment is composed of consolidated communities where substantial redevelopment occurred or is in progress. Redevelopment is considered substantial when (i) capital invested is expected to exceed the lesser of $5,000,000 or 10% of the community's pre-redevelopment basis and (ii) physical occupancy is below or is expected to be below 90% during, or as a result of, the redevelopment activity.

•Unconsolidated is composed of communities that we have an indirect ownership interest in through our investment interest in an unconsolidated joint venture.

Development is composed of consolidated communities that are either currently under construction, were under construction and were completed during the current year or where construction has been complete for less than one year and that do not have stabilized occupancy. These communities may be partially or fully complete and operating.
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Unconsolidated Development is composed of communities that are either currently under construction, or were under construction and were completed during the current year, in which we have an indirect ownership interest through our investment interest in an unconsolidated joint venture. These communities may be partially or fully complete and operating.

Development Rights are development opportunities in the early phase of the development process where we either have an option to acquire land or enter into a leasehold interest, where we are the buyer under a long-term conditional contract to purchase land, where we control the land through a ground lease or own land to develop a new community, or where we are the designated developer in a public-private partnership. We capitalize related pre-development costs incurred in pursuit of new developments for which we currently believe future development is probable.

We currently lease our corporate headquarters located in Arlington, Virginia, as well as our other regional and administrative offices, under operating leases.

As of September 30, 2024, communities that we owned or held a direct or indirect interest in were classified as follows:
Number of
communities		 Number of
apartment homes
Current Communities    
Same Store:    
New England 37  9,236 
Metro NY/NJ 40  12,540 
Mid-Atlantic 42  14,482 
Southeast Florida 8  2,837 
Denver, CO 6  1,539 
Pacific Northwest 19  5,374 
Northern California 39  12,045 
Southern California 58  17,791 
Other Expansion Regions 6  1,381 
Total Same Store 255  77,225 
Other Stabilized:    
New England 3  505 
Metro NY/NJ 3  689 
Mid-Atlantic 1  714 
Southeast Florida —  — 
Denver, CO 1  306 
Pacific Northwest —  — 
Northern California 1  94 
Southern California 1  100 
Other Expansion Regions 5  1,693 
Total Other Stabilized 15  4,101 
Redevelopment —  — 
Unconsolidated 9  2,722 
Total Current 279  84,048 
Development 26  8,860 
Unconsolidated Development —  — 
Total Communities 305  92,908 
Development Rights 28  9,091 

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Results of Operations

Our results of operations are driven by our operating platform and are primarily affected by both overall and individual geographic market conditions and apartment fundamentals and is reflected in changes in Same Store NOI; NOI derived from acquisitions, development completions and development under construction and in lease-up; loss of NOI related to disposed communities; and capital market and financing activity. A comparison of our operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands).

  For the three months ended September 30, September 30, 2024 vs. 2023 For the nine months ended September 30, September 30, 2024 vs. 2023
  2024 2023 $ Change % Change 2024 2023 $ Change % Change
Revenue:        
Rental and other income $ 732,591  $ 695,701  $ 36,890  5.3  % $ 2,167,866  $ 2,057,492  $ 110,374  5.4  %
Management, development and other fees 1,716  1,934  (218) (11.3) % 5,342  5,712  (370) (6.5) %
Total revenue 734,307  697,635  36,672  5.3  % 2,173,208  2,063,204  110,004  5.3  %
Expenses:        
Direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes 151,145  139,699  11,446  8.2  % 430,256  404,548  25,708  6.4  %
Property taxes 82,419  78,399  4,020  5.1  % 243,255  227,882  15,373  6.7  %
Total community operating expenses 233,564  218,098  15,466  7.1  % 673,511  632,430  41,081  6.5  %
Property management and other indirect operating expenses (41,896) (35,492) (6,404) (18.0) % (118,297) (105,323) (12,974) (12.3) %
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries (1,573) (18,959) 17,386  91.7  % (7,235) (23,212) 15,977  68.8  %
Interest expense, net (55,769) (48,115) (7,654) (15.9) % (167,613) (156,521) (11,092) (7.1) %
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net —  (150) 150  100.0  % —  (150) 150  100.0  %
Depreciation expense (212,122) (200,982) (11,140) (5.5) % (631,314) (606,271) (25,043) (4.1) %
General and administrative expense (20,089) (20,466) 377  1.8  % (60,006) (58,542) (1,464) (2.5) %
Casualty and impairment loss —  (3,499) 3,499  100.0  % (2,935) (8,550) 5,615  65.7  %
Income from unconsolidated investments 30,720  1,930  28,790  1,491.7  % 46,389  11,745  34,644  295.0  %
Gain on sale of communities 172,973  22,121  150,852  681.9  % 241,459  209,430  32,029  15.3  %
Other real estate activity 314  237  77  32.5  % 636  707  (71) (10.0) %
Income before income taxes 373,301  176,162  197,139  111.9  % 800,781  694,087  106,694  15.4  %
Income tax expense (782) (4,372) 3,590  82.1  % (698) (7,715) 7,017  91.0  %
Net income 372,519  171,790  200,729  116.8  % 800,083  686,372  113,711  16.6  %
Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests —  241  (241) 100.0  % (181) 484  (665) N/A (1)
Net income attributable to common stockholders $ 372,519  $ 172,031  $ 200,488  116.5  % $ 799,902  $ 686,856  $ 113,046  16.5  %
_________________________
(1)Percent change is not meaningful.

Net income attributable to common stockholders increased $200,488,000, or 116.5%, to $372,519,000 and $113,046,000, or 16.5%, to $799,902,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, as compared to the prior year periods, primarily due to increases in real estate sales and related gains, increases in income from unconsolidated investments and an increase in NOI from communities over the prior year periods.

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NOI. We define NOI as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), property management and other indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income, expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, income from unconsolidated investments, depreciation expense, income tax (benefit) expense, casualty and impairment loss, gain on sale of communities, other real estate activity and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale. Management considers NOI to be an important and appropriate supplemental performance measure to net income because it helps both investors and management to understand the core operations of a community or communities prior to the allocation of any corporate-level property management overhead or financing-related costs. NOI reflects the operating performance of a community and allows for an easier comparison of the operating performance of individual assets or groups of assets. In addition, because prospective buyers of real estate have different financing and overhead structures, with varying marginal impact to overhead as a result of acquiring real estate, NOI is considered by many in the real estate industry to be a useful measure for determining the value of a real estate asset or group of assets.

In conjunction with our continued centralization of operating activities into a shared services model, we changed our presentation for centralized shared service costs to reflect these platform costs in property management and other indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income for all periods presented. Total property management and other indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 as presented in the following tables includes $3,133,000 and $9,429,000, respectively, of shared services costs for this change.

NOI does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, and NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income as an indication of our performance. NOI should also not be considered an alternative to net cash flow from operating activities, as determined by GAAP, as a measure of liquidity, nor is NOI indicative of cash available to fund cash needs. Residential NOI represents results attributable to our apartment rental operations, including parking and other ancillary residential revenue. Reconciliations of NOI and Residential NOI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 to net income for each period are as follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands):
  For the three months ended September 30, For the nine months ended September 30,
  2024 2023 2024 2023
Net income $ 372,519  $ 171,790  $ 800,083  $ 686,372 
Property management and other indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income 40,149  33,554  112,906  99,606 
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries 1,573  18,959  7,235  23,212 
Interest expense, net 55,769  48,115  167,613  156,521 
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net —  150  —  150 
General and administrative expense 20,089  20,466  60,006  58,542 
Income from unconsolidated investments (30,720) (1,930) (46,389) (11,745)
Depreciation expense 212,122  200,982  631,314  606,271 
Income tax expense 782  4,372  698  7,715 
Casualty and impairment loss —  3,499  2,935  8,550 
Gain on sale of communities (172,973) (22,121) (241,459) (209,430)
Other real estate activity (314) (237) (636) (707)
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale (2,036) (10,537) (18,501) (39,005)
NOI 496,960  467,062  1,475,805  1,386,052 
Commercial NOI (1) (7,906) (7,959) (24,774) (24,582)
Residential NOI $ 489,054  $ 459,103  $ 1,451,031  $ 1,361,470 
_________________________
(1)Represents results attributable to the commercial and other non-residential operations at our communities ("Commercial").

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The following presents our Residential NOI and respective changes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 (unaudited, dollars in thousands):
For the three months ended September 30, For the nine months ended September 30,
  2024 2023 2024 to 2023 2024 2023 2024 to 2023
   
Same Store $ 456,664  $ 447,494  $ 9,170  $ 1,373,215  $ 1,334,637  $ 38,578 
Other Stabilized 18,416  11,619  6,797  50,401  27,698  22,703 
Development / Redevelopment 13,974  (10) 13,984  27,415  (865) 28,280 
Total $ 489,054  $ 459,103  $ 29,951  $ 1,451,031  $ 1,361,470  $ 89,561 

The 2.0% increase in our Same Store Residential NOI for the three months ended September 30, 2024 is due to an increase in Residential revenue of $20,205,000, or 3.1%, partially offset by an increase in Residential property operating expenses of $11,035,000, or 5.4%, over the prior year period. The 2.9% increase in our Same Store Residential NOI for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 is due to an increase in Residential revenue of $67,094,000, or 3.5%, partially offset by an increase in Residential property operating expenses of $28,516,000, or 4.8%, over the prior year period.

Rental and other income increased $36,890,000, or 5.3%, and $110,374,000, or 5.4%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to the prior year periods, primarily due to the increased rental revenue from our Same Store communities, discussed below.

Consolidated Communities — The weighted average number of occupied apartment homes for consolidated communities increased to 79,203 apartment homes for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to 77,439 homes for the prior year period. The weighted average monthly revenue per occupied apartment home increased to $3,059 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $2,945 in the prior year period.

Same Store Communities — The following table presents the change in Same Store Residential revenue, including the attribution of the change between average revenue per occupied home and Economic Occupancy (as defined below) for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 (unaudited, dollars in thousands).

For the nine months ended September 30,
2024 2023 2024 to
2023		 2024 to
2023		 2024 2023 2024 to
2023		 2024 2023 2024 to
2023
Residential revenue Average monthly revenue per occupied home Economic Occupancy (1)
$ Change % Change % Change % Change
New England $ 270,655  $ 259,184  $ 11,471  4.4  % $ 3,373  $ 3,227  4.5  % 96.5  % 96.6  % (0.1) %
Metro NY/NJ 398,803  385,255  13,548  3.5  % 3,698  3,566  3.7  % 95.6  % 95.7  % (0.1) %
Mid-Atlantic 309,055  299,460  9,595  3.2  % 2,497  2,410  3.6  % 94.9  % 95.3  % (0.4) %
Southeast Florida 71,846  70,380  1,466  2.1  % 2,900  2,846  1.9  % 97.0  % 96.9  % 0.1  %
Denver, CO 30,493  30,000  493  1.6  % 2,324  2,256  3.0  % 94.7  % 96.1  % (1.4) %
Pacific Northwest 128,117  123,427  4,690  3.8  % 2,748  2,682  2.5  % 96.4  % 95.1  % 1.3  %
Northern California 318,053  313,885  4,168  1.3  % 3,063  3,014  1.6  % 95.8  % 96.1  % (0.3) %
Southern California 441,260  419,303  21,957  5.2  % 2,868  2,730  5.1  % 96.1  % 96.0  % 0.1  %
Other Expansion Regions 24,507  24,801  (294) (1.2) % 2,110  2,101  0.4  % 93.4  % 95.1  % (1.7) %
Total Same Store $ 1,992,789  $ 1,925,695  $ 67,094  3.5  % $ 2,992  $ 2,889  3.6  % 95.8  % 95.9  % (0.1) %
_________________________________
(1) Economic Occupancy is defined as gross potential revenue less vacancy loss, as a percentage of gross potential revenue. Gross potential revenue is determined by valuing occupied homes at contract rates and vacant homes at market rents. Vacancy loss is determined by valuing vacant units at current market rents. Economic Occupancy considers that apartment homes of different sizes and locations within a community have different economic impacts on a community's gross revenue.

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Same Store uncollectible lease revenue decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 by $1,984,000 and $8,388,000, respectively. The decrease in Same Store uncollectible lease revenue was impacted by a decrease in government rent relief of $788,000 and $3,103,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, from the prior year periods. Adjusting to remove the impact of rent relief, uncollectible lease revenue as a percentage of Same Store Residential revenue decreased to 1.6% and 1.8%, respectively, in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 from 2.1% and 2.4%, respectively, in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes, increased $11,446,000, or 8.2%, and $25,708,000, or 6.4%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to the prior year periods, primarily due to the addition of newly developed apartment communities as well as increased Residential operating expenses at our Same Store communities as discussed below.

Same Store Residential direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes, increased $8,449,000, or 6.5%, and $18,109,000, or 4.8%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to the prior year periods, primarily due to increased utility costs from our bulk internet offering, trash costs and increased property insurance premiums.

Property taxes increased $4,020,000, or 5.1%, and $15,373,000, or 6.7%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to the prior year periods, primarily due to the addition of newly developed apartment communities and increases for our Same Store Residential portfolio, partially offset by decreased property taxes from dispositions.

Same Store Residential property taxes increased $2,586,000, or 3.5%, and $10,407,000, or 4.9%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to the prior year periods, due to increased assessments and rates across the portfolio, successful appeals in the prior year period in excess of current period successful appeals and the expiration of property tax incentive programs primarily at certain of our properties in New York City. The expiration of property tax incentive programs represents $752,000, or 29%, of the 3.5% increase in property taxes for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and $4,546,000, or 44%, of the 4.9% increase in property taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Property management and other indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income increased $6,404,000, or 18.0%, and $12,974,000, or 12.3%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to the prior year periods, primarily due to increased costs related to investments in technology and process related spend for initiatives to improve future efficiency in services for residents and prospects and increased advocacy costs.

Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries includes costs incurred for write downs and abandonment of Development Rights and development pursuits not yet considered probable for development, as well as costs related to abandoned acquisition and disposition pursuits, offset by any recoveries of costs incurred. In periods of increased acquisition and pursuit activity, periods of economic downturn or when there is limited access to capital, these costs can be volatile and may vary significantly from year to year. In addition, the timing for potential recoveries will not always align with the timing for expensing an abandoned pursuit. Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, was $1,573,000 and $7,235,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and $18,959,000 and $23,212,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The amounts for 2023 include write-offs of $17,111,000 related to three Development Rights in Northern and Southern California and the Mid-Atlantic that we determined are no longer probable.

Interest expense, net increased $7,654,000, or 15.9%, and $11,092,000, or 7.1%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. This category includes interest costs offset by capitalized interest pertaining to development and redevelopment activity, amortization of premium/discount on debt, interest income and any mark-to-market impact from derivatives not in qualifying hedge relationships. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 are primarily due to increases in amounts of unsecured indebtedness and decreases in interest income compared to the prior year periods due to lower cash amounts invested. The increases for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 are also due to decreased capitalized interest, compared to the prior year periods.

Depreciation expense increased $11,140,000, or 5.5%, and $25,043,000, or 4.1%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to the prior year periods, primarily due to the addition of newly developed apartment communities, partially offset by dispositions.

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General and administrative expense increased $1,464,000, or 2.5%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the prior year period. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 is primarily due to an increase in compensation related expenses and increased legal and professional fees.

Casualty and impairment loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $2,935,000 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $3,499,000 and $8,550,000, respectively, for property and casualty damage to certain of our communities. The charge for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 relates to flooding and water damage at communities in California from extensive rainfall and a fire at a community in New Jersey. The charge for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 relates to damage across certain communities in our Northeast and California regions related to severe weather and other casualty events.

Income from unconsolidated investments increased $28,790,000 and $34,644,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to the prior year periods, primarily due to unrealized property technology investments gains. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 is partially offset by the recognition of $1,496,000 of our promoted interest associated with the achievement of a threshold return with the Archstone Multifamily Partners AC LP (the “U.S. Fund”) in the prior year period.

Gain on sale of communities increased $150,852,000 and $32,029,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The amount of gain realized in a given period depends on many factors, including the number of communities sold, the size and carrying value of the communities sold and the market conditions in the local area. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we sold two and five wholly-owned communities and recognized gains of $172,973,000 and $241,459,000, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we sold one and three wholly-owned communities and recognized gains of $22,121,000 and $209,430,000, respectively.

Income tax expense of $4,372,000 and $7,715,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, was primarily related to The Park Loggia.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures - Reconciliation of FFO and Core FFO

FFO and FFO adjusted for non-core items, or “Core FFO,” as defined below, are generally considered by management to be appropriate supplemental measures of our operating and financial performance.

Consistent with the definition adopted by the Board of Governors of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts® ("Nareit"), we calculate Funds from Operations Attributable to Common Stockholders ("FFO") as net income or loss attributable to common stockholders computed in accordance with GAAP, adjusted for:

•gains or losses on sales of previously depreciated operating communities;
•cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle;
•impairment write-downs of depreciable real estate assets;
•write-downs of investments in affiliates due to a decrease in the value of depreciable real estate assets held by those affiliates;
•depreciation of real estate assets; and
•similar adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures, including those from a change in control.

FFO can help with the comparison of the operating and financial performance of a real estate company between periods or as compared to different companies because the adjustments such as (i) gains or losses on sales of previously depreciated property or (ii) real estate depreciation may impact comparability as the amount and timing of these or similar items can vary among owners of identical assets in similar condition based on historical cost accounting and useful life estimates. By further adjusting for items that we do not consider part of our core business operations, Core FFO can help with the comparison of our core operating performance year over year. We believe that, in order to understand our operating results, FFO and Core FFO should be considered in conjunction with net income as presented in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income included elsewhere in this report.

We calculate Core FFO as FFO, adjusted for:

•joint venture gains (if not adjusted through FFO), non-core costs and promoted interests from partnerships;
•casualty and impairment losses or gains, net on non-depreciable real estate or other investments;
•gains or losses from early extinguishment of consolidated borrowings;
•expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries;
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•third-party business interruption insurance proceeds and the related lost NOI that is covered by the expected third-party business interruption insurance proceeds;
•property and casualty insurance proceeds and legal settlements and costs;
•gains or losses on sales of assets not subject to depreciation and other investment gains or losses;
•advocacy contributions, representing payments to promote our business interests;
•hedge ineffectiveness or gains or losses from derivatives not designated as hedges for accounting purposes;
•changes to expected credit losses associated with the lending commitments under the SIP;
•severance related costs;
•executive transition compensation costs;
•net for-sale condominium activity, including gains, marketing, operating and administrative costs and imputed carry cost; and
•income taxes.

FFO and Core FFO do not represent net income in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should not be considered an alternative to net income, which remains the primary measure, as an indication of our performance. In addition, FFO and Core FFO as calculated by other REITs may not be comparable to our calculations of FFO and Core FFO.

The following is a reconciliation of net income attributable to common stockholders to FFO attributable to common stockholders and to Core FFO attributable to common stockholders (unaudited, dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):
  For the three months ended September 30, For the nine months ended September 30,
  2024 2023 2024 2023
Net income attributable to common stockholders $ 372,519  $ 172,031  $ 799,902  $ 686,856 
Depreciation - real estate assets, including joint venture adjustments 210,992  199,546  628,677  602,023 
Distributions to noncontrolling interests —  —  —  25 
Gain on sale of previously depreciated real estate (172,973) (22,121) (241,459) (209,430)
Casualty loss and impairment on real estate —  3,499  2,935  8,550 
FFO attributable to common stockholders 410,538  352,955  1,190,055  1,088,024 
Adjusting items:
Unconsolidated entity (gains) losses, net (1) (25,261) 827  (34,823) (4,024)
Joint venture promote (2) —  (424) —  (1,496)
Structured Investment Program loan reserve (3) (813) 539  (771) 415 
Loss on extinguishment of consolidated debt —  150  —  150 
Hedge accounting activity 25  65  80  256 
Advocacy contributions 3,732  —  5,914  200 
Executive transition compensation costs 200  300  304  944 
Severance related costs 738  993  1,979  2,493 
Expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries (4) 252  18,070  3,857  21,318 
Other real estate activity (314) (237) (636) (707)
For-sale condominium imputed carry cost (5) 21  110  62  534 
Legal settlements and costs 781  14  2,289  64 
Income tax expense (6) 782  4,372  698  7,715 
Core FFO attributable to common stockholders $ 390,681  $ 377,734  $ 1,169,008  $ 1,115,886 
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted 142,516,684  142,198,099  142,376,434  141,448,675 
Earnings per common share - diluted $ 2.61  $ 1.21  $ 5.62  $ 4.86 
FFO per common share - diluted $ 2.88  $ 2.48  $ 8.36  $ 7.69 
Core FFO per common share - diluted $ 2.74  $ 2.66  $ 8.21  $ 7.89 
_________________________
(1)Amounts consist primarily of net unrealized gains on technology investments.
(2)Amount is for our recognition of our promoted interest in the U.S. Fund.
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(3)Reflects changes to expected credit losses associated with our lending commitments primarily under the SIP. The timing and amount of actual losses that will be incurred, if any, is to be determined.
(4)Amounts for 2023 include write-offs of $17,111 for three Development Rights in Northern and Southern California and the Mid-Atlantic that we determined are no longer probable.
(5)Represents the imputed carry cost of for-sale residential condominiums at The Park Loggia. We compute this adjustment by multiplying the total capitalized cost of completed and unsold for-sale residential condominiums by our weighted average unsecured debt effective interest rate.
(6)Amounts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 is primarily for the recognition of taxes associated with The Park Loggia.

FFO and Core FFO also do not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should not be considered an alternative to net cash flows from operating activities, as determined by GAAP, as a measure of liquidity. Additionally, it is not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We employ a disciplined approach to our liquidity and capital management. When we source capital, we take into account both our view of the most cost-effective alternative available and our desire to maintain a balance sheet that provides us with flexibility. Our principal focus on near-term and intermediate-term liquidity is to ensure we have adequate capital to fund:

•development and redevelopment activity in which we are currently engaged or in which we plan to engage;
•the minimum dividend payments on our common stock required to maintain our REIT qualification under the Code;
•regularly scheduled principal and interest payments and principal payments either at maturity or opportunistically before maturity;
•normal recurring operating and corporate overhead expenses; and
•investment in our operating platform, including strategic investments.

Factors affecting our liquidity and capital resources are our cash flows from operations, financing activities and investing activities (including dispositions) as well as general economic and market conditions. Cash flows from operations are determined by operating activities and factors including but not limited to (i) the number of apartment homes currently owned, (ii) rental rates, (iii) occupancy levels, (iv) uncollectible lease revenue levels or interruptions in collections caused by market conditions and (v) operating expenses with respect to apartment homes. The timing and type of capital markets activity in which we engage is affected by changes in the capital markets environment, such as changes in interest rates or the availability of cost-effective capital. Our plans for development, redevelopment, non-routine capital expenditure, acquisition and disposition activity are affected by market conditions and capital availability. We frequently review our liquidity needs, especially in periods with volatile market conditions, as well as the adequacy of cash flows from operations and other expected liquidity sources to meet these needs.

We had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $792,477,000 at September 30, 2024, an increase of $261,517,000 from $530,960,000 at December 31, 2023. The following discussion relates to changes in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash due to operating, investing and financing activities.

A presentation of GAAP based cash flow metrics is as follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands):
  For the nine months ended September 30,
  2024 2023
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 1,279,065  $ 1,213,842 
Net cash used in investing activities $ (682,589) $ (582,864)
Net cash used in financing activities $ (334,959) $ (585,117)
•Net cash provided by operating activities increased primarily due to increases in NOI.

•Net cash used in investing activities was primarily due to (i) the investment of $691,744,000 in the development and redevelopment of communities, (ii) acquisition of four wholly-owned communities for $278,363,000 and (iii) capital expenditures of $140,985,000 for our wholly-owned communities and non-real estate assets. These amounts were partially offset by net proceeds from the disposition of five wholly-owned communities of $502,808,000.

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•Net cash used in financing activities was primarily due to payment of cash dividends in the amount of $720,136,000, partially offset by proceeds from the issuance of unsecured notes in the amount of $398,788,000.

Variable Rate Unsecured Credit Facility

The $2,250,000,000 Credit Facility matures in September 2026. The interest rate that would be applicable to borrowings under the Credit Facility is 5.71% at October 31, 2024 and is composed of (i) the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"), applicable to the period of borrowing for a particular draw of funds from the facility (e.g., one month to maturity, three months to maturity, etc.), plus (ii) the current borrowing spread to SOFR of 0.805% per annum, which consists of a 0.10% SOFR adjustment plus 0.705% per annum, assuming a daily SOFR borrowing rate. The borrowing spread to SOFR can vary from SOFR plus 0.63% to SOFR plus 1.38% based upon the rating of our unsecured senior notes. There is also an annual facility commitment fee of 0.12% of the borrowing capacity under the facility, which can vary from 0.095% to 0.295% based upon the rating of our unsecured senior notes. The Credit Facility contains a sustainability-linked pricing component which provides for interest rate margin and commitment fee reductions or increases by meeting or missing targets related to environmental sustainability, specifically greenhouse gas emission reductions, with the adjustment determined annually. The annual determination under the sustainability-linked pricing component occurred in July 2024, maintaining reductions of approximately 0.02% to the interest rate margin and 0.005% to the commitment fee due to our achievement of sustainability targets.

The availability on the Credit Facility as of October 31, 2024 is as follows (dollars in thousands):
  October 31, 2024
Credit Facility commitment $ 2,250,000 
Credit Facility outstanding — 
Commercial paper outstanding — 
Letters of credit outstanding (1) (1,814)
Total Credit Facility available $ 2,248,186 
_____________________________________
(1)In addition, we had $57,585 outstanding in additional letters of credit unrelated to the Credit Facility as of October 31, 2024.

Commercial Paper Program

We have a Commercial Paper Program with the maximum aggregate face or principal amount outstanding at any one time not to exceed $500,000,000. Under the terms of the Commercial Paper Program, we may issue, from time to time, unsecured commercial paper notes with varying maturities of less than one year. The Commercial Paper Program is backstopped by our commitment to maintain available borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility in an amount equal to actual borrowings under the Commercial Paper Program.

Financial Covenants

We are subject to financial covenants contained in the Credit Facility and the indentures under which our unsecured notes were issued. The principal financial covenants include the following:

•limitations on the amount of total and secured debt in relation to our overall capital structure;
•limitations on the amount of our unsecured debt relative to the undepreciated basis of real estate assets that are not encumbered by property-specific financing; and
•minimum levels of debt service coverage.

We were in compliance with these covenants at September 30, 2024.

In addition, some of our secured borrowings include yield maintenance, defeasance, or prepayment penalty provisions, which would result in us incurring an additional charge in the event of a full or partial prepayment of outstanding principal before the scheduled maturity. These provisions in our secured borrowings are generally consistent with other similar types of debt instruments issued during the same time period in which our borrowings were secured.

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Continuous Equity Offering Program

Under our continuous equity program (the "CEP"), we may sell (and/or enter into forward sale agreements for the sale of) up to $1,000,000,000 of our common stock from time to time. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we entered into forward contracts under the CEP to sell 203,297 shares of common stock for approximate proceeds, net of fees of $44,066,000, based on the gross weighted average price of $219.92 per share, with settlement of the forward contracts to occur on one or more dates not later than December 31, 2025. The final proceeds will be determined on the date(s) of settlement and are subject to certain customary adjustments for our dividends and a daily interest factor. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and through October 31, 2024, we did not have any other sales under this program. As of October 31, 2024, we had $661,251,000 remaining authorized for issuance under this program, after consideration of the forward contracts.

Forward Equity Offering

In addition, during the three months ended September 30, 2024, we completed an underwritten public offering of 3,680,000 shares of our common stock at a discount to the closing price of $226.52 per share, net of offering fees, offered in connection with forward contracts entered into with certain financial institutions acting as forward purchasers. Assuming full physical settlement of the forward contracts, which we expect to occur no later than December 31, 2025, we will receive approximate proceeds, net of offering fees and discounts of $808,606,000, based on the initial forward price. The final proceeds will be determined on the date(s) of settlement and are subject to certain customary adjustments for our dividends and a daily interest factor.

Stock Repurchase Program

We have a stock repurchase program under which we may acquire shares of our common stock in open market or negotiated transactions up to an aggregate purchase price of $500,000,000 (the "Stock Repurchase Program"). During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and through October 31, 2024, we had no repurchases of shares under this program. As of October 31, 2024, we had $314,237,000 remaining authorized for purchase under this program.

Interest Rate Swap Agreements

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we entered into $100,000,000 of new forward interest rate swap agreements to reduce the impact of variability in interest rates on a portion of our anticipated future debt issuance activity through December 31, 2025. We expect to cash settle the swaps and either pay or receive cash for the then current fair value.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we terminated $250,000,000 of forward interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges of the interest rate variability on the issuance of unsecured notes, receiving $16,839,000. Of the $250,000,000 forward interest rate swap agreements terminated, $50,000,000 were entered into during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

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Debt Maturities, Material Obligations, Future Financing and Capital Needs

One of our principal long-term liquidity needs is the repayment of long-term debt at maturity. For both our unsecured and secured notes, a portion of the principal of these notes may be repaid prior to maturity. Early retirement of our unsecured or secured notes could result in gains or losses on extinguishment. We may use capital from a variety of sources to repay debt at maturity, including proceeds received from the dispositions of our operating communities or other direct and indirect investments in real estate and cash from operations. If we do not have funds on hand sufficient to repay our indebtedness as it becomes due, it will be necessary for us to refinance or otherwise provide liquidity to satisfy the debt at maturity. This refinancing may be accomplished by uncollateralized private or public debt offerings, equity issuances, additional debt financing that is secured by mortgages on individual communities or groups of communities or borrowings under our Credit Facility or Commercial Paper Program. In addition, to the extent we have amounts outstanding under the Commercial Paper Program, we are obligated to repay the short-term indebtedness at maturity through either current cash on hand or by incurring other indebtedness, including by way of borrowing under our Credit Facility. Although we believe we will have the capacity to meet our currently anticipated liquidity needs, we cannot assure you that capital from additional debt financing or debt or equity offerings will be available or, if available, that they will be on terms we consider satisfactory.

In May 2024, we issued $400,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in a public offering under our existing shelf registration statement for proceeds net of underwriting fees of approximately $396,188,000, before considering the impact of other offering costs. The notes mature in June 2034 and were issued at a 5.35% interest rate, resulting in a 5.05% effective rate including the impact of issuance costs and hedging activity.

The following table details our consolidated debt obligations, including the effective interest rate and contractual maturity dates, and principal payments for periodic amortization and maturities for the next five years, excluding our Credit Facility and Commercial Paper Program and amounts outstanding related to communities classified as held for sale, for debt outstanding at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands). We are not directly or indirectly (as borrower or guarantor) obligated in any material respect to pay principal or interest on the indebtedness of any unconsolidated entities in which we have an equity or other interest other than as disclosed related to the AVA Arts District construction loan (see "Unconsolidated Operating Communities" for further discussion of the construction loan).
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  Effective
interest
rate (1)		 Principal
maturity
date		 Balance Outstanding (2) Scheduled Maturities
Debt 12/31/2023 9/30/2024 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Thereafter
Tax-exempt bonds                    
Variable rate                    
Avalon Acton 4.19  % Jul-2040 (3) $ 45,000  $ 45,000  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 45,000 
Avalon Clinton North 4.84  % Nov-2038 (3) 126,400  126,400  —  —  —  700  2,800  122,900 
Avalon Clinton South 4.84  % Nov-2038 (3) 104,500  104,500  —  —  —  600  2,300  101,600 
Avalon Midtown West 4.81  % May-2029 (3) 76,600  69,800  —  7,300  8,100  8,800  9,600  36,000 
Avalon San Bruno I 4.73  % Dec-2037 (3) 57,650  55,650  200  2,400  2,600  2,800  3,000  44,650 
410,150  401,350  200  9,700  10,700  12,900  17,700  350,150 
Conventional loans                    
Fixed rate                    
$300 million unsecured notes 3.66  % Nov-2024 300,000  300,000  300,000  —  —  —  —  — 
$525 million unsecured notes 3.55  % Jun-2025 525,000  525,000  —  525,000  —  —  —  — 
$300 million unsecured notes 3.62  % Nov-2025 300,000  300,000  —  300,000  —  —  —  — 
$475 million unsecured notes 3.35  % May-2026 475,000  475,000  —  —  475,000  —  —  — 
$300 million unsecured notes 3.01  % Oct-2026 300,000  300,000  —  —  300,000  —  —  — 
$350 million unsecured notes 3.95  % Oct-2046 350,000  350,000  —  —  —  —  —  350,000 
$400 million unsecured notes 3.50  % May-2027 400,000  400,000  —  —  —  400,000  —  — 
$300 million unsecured notes 4.09  % Jul-2047 300,000  300,000  —  —  —  —  —  300,000 
$450 million unsecured notes 3.32  % Jan-2028 450,000  450,000  —  —  —  —  450,000  — 
$300 million unsecured notes 3.97  % Apr-2048 300,000  300,000  —  —  —  —  —  300,000 
$450 million unsecured notes 3.66  % Jun-2029 450,000  450,000  —  —  —  —  —  450,000 
$700 million unsecured notes 2.69  % Mar-2030 700,000  700,000  —  —  —  —  —  700,000 
$600 million unsecured notes 2.65  % Jan-2031 600,000  600,000  —  —  —  —  —  600,000 
$700 million unsecured notes 2.16  % Jan-2032 700,000  700,000  —  —  —  —  —  700,000 
$400 million unsecured notes 2.03  % Dec-2028 400,000  400,000  —  —  —  —  400,000  — 
$350 million unsecured notes 4.38  % Feb-2033 350,000  350,000  —  —  —  —  —  350,000 
$400 million unsecured notes 5.19  % Dec-2033 400,000  400,000  —  —  —  —  —  400,000 
$400 million unsecured notes 5.05  % Jun-2034 —  400,000  —  —  —  —  —  400,000 
Avalon Walnut Creek 4.00  % Jul-2066 4,501  4,501  —  —  —  —  —  4,501 
eaves Los Feliz 3.68  % Jun-2027 41,400  41,400  —  —  —  41,400  —  — 
eaves Woodland Hills 3.67  % Jun-2027 111,500  111,500  —  —  —  111,500  —  — 
Avalon Russett 3.77  % Jun-2027 32,200  32,200  —  —  —  32,200  —  — 
Avalon San Bruno III 2.38  % Mar-2027 51,000  51,000  —  —  —  51,000  —  — 
Avalon Cerritos 3.34  % Aug-2029 30,250  30,250  —  —  —  —  —  30,250 
Avalon West Plano 5.97  % May-2029 63,041  62,709  261  1,065  1,111  1,159  1,202  57,911 
      7,633,892  8,033,560  300,261  826,065  776,111  637,259  851,202  4,642,662 
Total indebtedness - excluding Credit Facility and Commercial Paper     $ 8,044,042  $ 8,434,910  $ 300,461  $ 835,765  $ 786,811  $ 650,159  $ 868,902  $ 4,992,812 
_________________________
(1)Rates are as of September 30, 2024 and include credit enhancement fees, facility fees, trustees' fees, the impact of interest rate hedges, offering costs, mark-to-market amortization and other fees.
(2)Balances outstanding represent total amounts due at maturity, and exclude deferred financing costs and debt discount for the unsecured notes of $43,090 and $43,848 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, deferred financing costs and debt discount associated with secured notes of $16,558 and $18,372 as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, as reflected on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets included elsewhere in this report.
(3)Financed by variable rate debt, but interest rate is capped through an interest rate protection agreement.

In addition to consolidated debt, we have scheduled contractual obligations associated with (i) ground leases for land underlying current operating or development communities and commercial and parking facilities and (ii) office leases for our corporate headquarters and regional offices. As of September 30, 2024, other than as discussed in this Form 10-Q, there have been no other material changes in our scheduled contractual obligations as disclosed in the Form 10-K.

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Future Financing and Capital Needs — Portfolio and Capital Markets Activity

We invest in various real estate and real estate related investments, which include (i) the acquisition, development and redevelopment of communities both wholly-owned and through the formation of joint ventures, (ii) other indirect investments in real estate through the SIP, all as discussed further below and (iii) investments in other real estate-related ventures through direct and indirect investments in property technology and environmentally focused companies and investment management funds.

In 2024, we expect to continue to meet our liquidity needs from one or more of a variety of internal and external sources, which may include (i) real estate dispositions, (ii) cash balances on hand as well as cash generated from our operating activities, (iii) borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility, (iv) borrowings under the Commercial Paper Program and (v) secured and unsecured debt financings. Additional sources of liquidity in 2024 may include the issuance of common and preferred equity, including the issuance of shares of our common stock under the CEP. Our ability to obtain additional financing will depend on a variety of factors, such as market conditions, the general availability of credit, the overall availability of credit to the real estate industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity, as well as the perception of lenders regarding our long or short-term financial prospects.

Before beginning new construction or reconstruction activity, including activity related to communities owned by unconsolidated joint ventures, we plan to source sufficient capital to complete these undertakings, although we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain such financing. In the event that financing cannot be obtained, we may abandon Development Rights, write-off associated pre-development costs that were capitalized and/or forego reconstruction activity. In such instances, we will not realize the increased revenues and earnings that we expected from such Development Rights or reconstruction activity and significant losses could be incurred.

From time to time we use joint ventures to hold or develop individual real estate assets. We generally employ joint ventures to mitigate asset concentration or market risk and secondarily as a source of liquidity. We may also use joint ventures related to mixed-use land development opportunities and new markets where our partners bring development and operational expertise and/or experience to the venture. Each joint venture or partnership agreement has been individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture or partnership agreement. We cannot assure you that we will achieve our objectives through joint ventures.

In addition, we may invest, through mezzanine loans or preferred equity investments, in multifamily development projects being undertaken by third parties. In these cases, we do not expect to acquire the underlying real estate but rather to earn a return on our investment (through interest or fixed rate preferred equity returns) and a return of the invested capital generally following completion of construction either on or before a set due date.

In evaluating our allocation of capital within our markets, we sell assets that do not meet our long-term investment criteria or when capital and real estate markets allow us to realize a portion of the value created over our ownership periods and redeploy the proceeds from those sales to develop, redevelop and acquire communities. Because the proceeds from the sale of communities may not be immediately redeployed into revenue generating assets that we develop, redevelop or acquire, the immediate effect of a sale of a community for a gain is to increase net income, but reduce future total revenues, total expenses and NOI until such time as the proceeds have been redeployed into revenue generating assets. We believe that the temporary absence of future cash flows from communities sold will not have a material impact on our ability to fund future liquidity and capital resource needs.

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Unconsolidated Operating Communities

As of September 30, 2024, we had investments in the following unconsolidated real estate entities accounted for under the equity method of accounting, excluding development joint ventures. See Note 5, "Investments," of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. For joint ventures holding operating apartment communities as of September 30, 2024, detail of the real estate and associated indebtedness underlying our unconsolidated investments is presented in the following table (dollars in thousands).
  Company
 ownership percentage		 # of apartment homes Total capitalized cost Debt (1)
  Principal
amount		   Interest rate Maturity date
Unconsolidated Real Estate Investments Type
NYTA MF Investors, LLC
1. Avalon Bowery Place I - New York, NY 206 $ 217,086  $ 93,800  Fixed 4.01  % Jan 2029
2. Avalon Bowery Place II - New York, NY 90 91,552  39,639  Fixed 4.01  % Jan 2029
3. Avalon Morningside - New York, NY (2) 295 215,834  111,295  Fixed 3.55  % Jan 2029/May 2046
4. Avalon West Chelsea - New York, NY (3) 305 129,789  66,000  Fixed 4.01  % Jan 2029
5. AVA High Line - New York, NY (3) 405 122,770  84,000  Fixed 4.01  % Jan 2029
Total NYTA MF Investors, LLC 20.0  % 1,301  777,031  394,734  3.88  %
Other Operating Joint Ventures              
1. MVP I, LLC - Avalon at Mission Bay II -
    San Francisco, CA		 25.0  % 313  129,952  103,000  Fixed 3.24  % Jul 2025
2. Brandywine Apartments of Maryland, LLC -
    Brandywine - Washington, D.C.		 28.7  % 305  20,093  18,544  Fixed 3.40  % Jun 2028
3. Avalon Alderwood MF Member, LLC -
    Avalon Alderwood Place - Lynnwood, WA		 50.0  % 328  111,214  —  N/A N/A N/A
4. Arts District Joint Venture - AVA Arts District -
    Los Angeles, CA (4)		 25.0  % 475  287,965  152,240  Variable 7.43  % Aug 2025
Total Other Joint Ventures 1,421  549,224  273,784  5.58  %
   
Total Unconsolidated Real Estate Investments (5) 2,722  $ 1,326,255  $ 668,518  4.58  %
_____________________________
(1)We have not guaranteed the debt of these unconsolidated investees and bear no responsibility for the repayment other than for the Arts District joint venture as discussed below in note 4.
(2)Borrowing on this community is comprised of two mortgage loans. The interest rate is the weighted average interest rate as of September 30, 2024.
(3)Borrowing on this dual-branded community is comprised of a single mortgage loan. This dual-branded community is subject to a leasehold interest which is not included in the total capitalized cost.
(4)Development of this community was completed during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. As of September 30, 2024, we have contributed substantially all of our equity commitment. Remaining development costs related to commitment close-outs and construction true-ups are expected to be funded primarily by the venture's variable rate construction loan. While we guarantee 30% of the maximum borrowing capacity of the construction loan on behalf of the venture, any amounts payable under the guarantee are obligations of the venture partners in proportion to ownership interest, and in the event we are obligated to perform under the construction loan guarantee, the joint venture partner is obligated to reimburse us for 75% of amounts paid. The venture anticipates replacing the construction loan with long-term financing prior to the final maturity of the construction loan.
(5)In addition to leasehold assets, there were net other assets of $38,638 as of September 30, 2024 associated with our unconsolidated real estate investments which are primarily cash and cash equivalents.


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Development Communities

As of September 30, 2024, we owned or held a direct interest in 19 Development Communities under construction. We expect these Development Communities, when completed, to add a total of 6,855 apartment homes and 56,000 square feet of commercial space to our portfolio for a total capitalized cost, including land acquisition costs, of approximately $2,683,000,000. We cannot assure you that we will meet our schedule for construction completion or that we will meet our budgeted costs, either individually, or in the aggregate.

The following table presents a summary of the Development Communities.
Number of
apartment
homes		 Projected total
capitalized cost (1)
($ millions)		 Construction
start 		Initial projected
or actual occupancy		 Estimated
completion		 Estimated
stabilized operations
(2)
1. Avalon Westminster Promenade
Westminster, CO		 312  $ 114  Q3 2021 Q2 2024 Q4 2024 Q3 2025
2. Avalon West Dublin
Dublin, CA		 499  267  Q3 2021 Q4 2023 Q4 2024 Q1 2025
3. Avalon Governor's Park
Denver, CO		 304  138  Q1 2022 Q3 2024 Q4 2024 Q3 2025
4. Avalon West Windsor (3)
West Windsor, NJ		 535  211  Q2 2022 Q3 2025 Q3 2026 Q1 2027
5. Avalon Durham
Durham, NC		 336  120  Q2 2022 Q2 2024 Q4 2024 Q3 2025
6. Avalon Annapolis
Annapolis, MD		 508  199  Q3 2022 Q3 2024 Q3 2025 Q2 2026
7. Avalon Lake Norman (4)
Mooresville, NC		 345  101  Q1 2023 Q2 2025 Q1 2026 Q3 2026
8. Avalon Hunt Valley West
Hunt Valley, MD		 322  109  Q2 2023 Q1 2025 Q1 2026 Q3 2026
9. Avalon South Miami (3)
South Miami, FL		 290  186  Q3 2023 Q3 2025 Q1 2026 Q3 2026
10. Avalon Princeton on Harrison
Princeton, NJ		 200  82  Q3 2023 Q1 2025 Q2 2025 Q4 2025
11. Avalon Wayne
Wayne, NJ		 473  174  Q4 2023 Q2 2025 Q3 2026 Q1 2027
12. Avalon Parsippany
Parsippany, NJ		 410  148  Q4 2023 Q4 2025 Q4 2026 Q2 2027
13. Avalon Pleasanton I
Pleasanton, CA		 82  58  Q2 2024 Q3 2025 Q3 2025 Q1 2026
14. Avalon Roseland II
Roseland, NJ		 533  202  Q2 2024 Q4 2025 Q2 2027 Q4 2027
15. Avalon Quincy Adams
Quincy, MA		 288  124  Q2 2024 Q1 2026 Q3 2026 Q2 2027
16. Avalon Tech Ridge I
Austin, TX		 444  120  Q3 2024 Q1 2026 Q1 2027 Q3 2027
17. Avalon Carmel (4)
Charlotte, NC		 360  123  Q3 2024 Q2 2026 Q3 2026 Q3 2027
18. Avalon Plano (4)
Plano, TX		 155  58  Q3 2024 Q2 2026 Q2 2027 Q4 2027
19. Avalon Oakridge I
Durham, NC		 459  149  Q3 2024 Q4 2026 Q4 2027 Q2 2028
Total 6,855  $ 2,683 
_________________________________
(1)Projected total capitalized cost includes all capitalized costs projected to be or actually incurred to develop the respective Development Community, determined in accordance with GAAP, including land acquisition costs, construction costs, real estate taxes, capitalized interest and loan fees, permits, professional fees, allocated development overhead and other regulatory fees, as well as costs incurred for first generation commercial tenants such as tenant improvements and leasing commissions.
(2)Stabilized operations is defined as the earlier of (i) attainment of 90% or greater physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of development.
(3)Development Communities containing at least 10,000 square feet of commercial space include Avalon West Windsor (19,000 square feet) and Avalon South Miami (32,000 square feet).
(4)Communities being developed through our Developer Funding Program ("DFP"). The DFP utilizes third-party multifamily developers to source and construct communities which we own and operate.
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During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we completed the development of the following wholly-owned communities:
Number of
apartment
homes		 Total capitalized 
cost (1)
($ millions)		 Approximate rentable area
(sq. ft.)		 Total capitalized cost per sq. ft.
1. Avalon Bothell Commons I
Bothell, WA		 467  $ 236  491,661  $ 480 
2. Kanso Milford
Milford, MA		 162  63  179,056  $ 352 
Total 629  $ 299   
____________________________________
(1)Total capitalized cost is as of September 30, 2024. We generally anticipate incurring additional costs associated with these communities that are customary for new developments.

Development Rights

At September 30, 2024, we had $154,906,000 in acquisition and related capitalized costs for direct interests in 8 land parcels we own. In addition, we had $61,052,000 in capitalized costs (including legal fees, design fees and related overhead costs) consisting of $49,620,000 included as deferred development rights and the balance included in our unconsolidated investments, with these amounts related to (i) 15 Development Rights for which we control the land parcel, typically through a conditional agreement or option to purchase or lease the land, as well as (ii) costs incurred for five Development Rights that we expect to construct as additional phases of our existing stabilized operating communities on land we own. Collectively, the land held for development and associated costs for deferred development rights relate to 28 Development Rights for which we expect to develop new apartment communities in the future. The Development Rights range from those beginning design and architectural planning to those that have completed site plans and drawings and can begin construction almost immediately. We estimate that the successful completion of all of these communities would ultimately add approximately 9,091 apartment homes to our portfolio. Substantially all of these apartment homes will offer features like those offered by the communities we currently own.

The Development Rights are in different stages of the due diligence and regulatory approval process. The decisions as to which of the Development Rights to invest in, if any, or to continue to pursue once an investment in a Development Right is made, are business judgments that we make after we perform financial, demographic and other analyses. In the event that we do not proceed with a Development Right, we generally would not recover any of the capitalized costs incurred in the pursuit of those communities, unless we were to recover amounts in connection with the sale of land; however, we cannot guarantee a recovery. Pre-development costs incurred in the pursuit of Development Rights for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. In addition, if the status of a Development Right changes, making future development no longer probable, any unrecoverable capitalized pre-development costs are charged to expense. We incurred a charge of $1,573,000 and $18,959,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $7,235,000 and $23,212,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, for expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, which include development pursuits that were not yet probable of future development at the time incurred, or for pursuits that we determined were no longer probable of being developed. The amounts for 2023 include write-offs of $17,111,000 related to three Development Rights in Northern and Southern California and the Mid-Atlantic that the Company determined are no longer probable.

Structured Investment Program

As of October 31, 2024, we had seven commitments to fund up to $191,585,000 in the aggregate under the SIP. As of October 31, 2024, our investment commitments had a weighted average rate of return of 11.5% and a weighted average initial maturity date of December 2026. As of October 31, 2024, we had funded $170,265,000 of these commitments. See Note 5, "Investments," of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.

You should carefully review Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of the Form 10-K, as well as the discussion under Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this report, for a discussion of the risks associated with our investment activity.

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Forward-Looking Statements
This Form 10-Q contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You can identify forward-looking statements by our use of the words "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "intend," "estimate," "assume," "project," "plan," "may," "shall," "will," "pursue" and other similar expressions, that predict or indicate future events and trends and that do not report historical matters. These statements include, among other things, statements regarding our intent, belief or expectations with respect to:

•our potential development, redevelopment, acquisition or disposition of communities;
•the timing and cost of completion of communities under construction, reconstruction, development or redevelopment;
•the timing of lease-up, occupancy and stabilization of communities;
•the pursuit of land for future development;
•the anticipated operating performance of our communities;
•cost, yield, revenue, NOI and earnings estimates;
•the impact of landlord-tenant laws and rent regulations;
•our expansion into new regions;
•our declaration or payment of dividends;
•our joint venture activities;
•our policies regarding investments, indebtedness, acquisitions, dispositions, financings and other matters;
•our qualification as a REIT under the Code;
•the real estate markets in regions where we operate and in general;
•the availability of debt and equity financing;
•interest rates, inflation and other general economic conditions and their potential impacts;
•trends affecting our financial condition or results of operations;
•regulatory changes that may affect us; and
•the impact of legal proceedings.

We cannot assure the future results or outcome of the matters described in these statements; rather, these statements merely reflect our current expectations of the approximate outcomes of the matters discussed. We do not undertake a duty to update these forward-looking statements, and therefore they may not represent our estimates and assumptions after the date of this report. You should not rely on forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. These risks, uncertainties and other factors may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from the anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should carefully review the discussion under Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of the Form 10-K and Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this report, for further discussion of risks associated with forward-looking statements.

Some of the factors that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:

•we may fail to secure development opportunities due to an inability to reach agreements with third parties to obtain land at attractive prices or to obtain desired zoning and other local approvals;
•we may abandon or defer development opportunities for a number of reasons, including changes in local market conditions which make development less desirable, increases in costs of development, increases in the cost of capital or lack of capital availability, resulting in losses;
•construction costs of a community may exceed our original estimates;
•we may not complete construction and lease-up of communities under development or redevelopment on schedule, resulting in increased interest costs and construction costs and a decrease in our expected rental revenues;
•occupancy rates and market rents may be adversely affected by competition and local economic and market conditions which are beyond our control;
•our cash flows from operations and access to cost effective capital may be insufficient for the development of our pipeline, which could limit our pursuit of opportunities;
•an outbreak of disease or other public health event may affect the multifamily industry and general economy;
•our cash flows may be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest, and we may be unable to refinance existing indebtedness or the terms of such refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of existing indebtedness;
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•we may be unsuccessful in our management of joint ventures and the REIT vehicles that are used with certain joint ventures;
•new or existing laws and regulations implementing rent control or rent stabilization, or otherwise limiting our ability to increase rents, charge fees or evict tenants, may impact our revenue or increase our costs;
•our expectations, estimates and assumptions as of the date of this filing regarding legal proceedings are subject to change;
•the possibility that we may choose to pay dividends in our stock instead of cash, which may result in stockholders having to pay taxes with respect to such dividends in excess of the cash received, if any; and
•investments made under the SIP may not be repaid as expected or the development may not be completed on schedule, which could require us to engage in litigation, foreclosure actions, and/or first party project completion to recover our investment, which may not be recovered in full or at all in such event.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to use judgment in the application of accounting policies, including making estimates and assumptions. If our judgment or interpretation of the facts and circumstances relating to various transactions had been different, or different assumptions were made, it is possible that different accounting policies would have been applied, resulting in different financial results or a different presentation of our financial statements. Our critical accounting policies consist of the following: (i) cost capitalization and (ii) abandoned pursuit costs and asset impairment. Our critical accounting policies and estimates have not changed materially from the discussion of our significant accounting policies found in Part II, Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in the Form 10-K.
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ITEM 3.    QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

There have been no material changes to our exposures to market risk as disclosed in Part II, Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

ITEM 4.    CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

(a)Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures.

The Company carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2024. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms.

We continue to review and document our disclosure controls and procedures, including our internal controls and procedures for financial reporting, and may from time to time make changes aimed at enhancing their effectiveness and to ensure that our systems evolve with our business.

(b)Changes in internal controls over financial reporting.

During the second quarter of 2024, as part of our implementation of a new enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) system, we completed the migration of a new human resource and payroll solution to the new ERP system. During the third quarter of 2024, we completed the migration of a new financial accounting and procurement solution to the new ERP system. The implementation of the new ERP system resulted in changes to our processes and procedures. Although we expect that these changes will strengthen our internal controls over financial reporting by automating manual processes and standardizing business processes to meet our organization’s needs, there are inherent risks in implementing any ERP system, and we will continue to evaluate and test control changes. This migration was not made in response to any deficiencies in our internal controls.

There were no other changes to the internal control over financial reporting of the Company identified in connection with the Company’s evaluation referred to above that occurred during the third quarter of 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II.    OTHER INFORMATION
 
ITEM 1.    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

As disclosed in Note 7, "Commitments and Contingencies" and Note 12, "Subsequent Events" of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item 1 of this report, we are engaged in certain legal proceedings, and the disclosure set forth in Note 7, "Commitments and Contingencies" and Note 12, "Subsequent Events" relating to legal and other contingencies is incorporated herein by reference. In addition, the Office of the Attorney General of the State of Maryland has made the Company aware that it is likely to file a suit similar to the D.C. Antitrust Litigation in which a number of owners and/or operators of multifamily properties in the State of Maryland, including potentially the Company, will be named.

ITEM 1A.     RISK FACTORS

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the risk factors that could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors." The risks described in the Form 10-K are not the only risks that could affect the Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results in the future. There have been no material changes to our risk factors since December 31, 2023.
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ITEM 2.    UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

(a) None.

(b) Not applicable.

(c) Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Period
Total Number of Shares
Purchased (1)
Average Price Paid 
Per Share
Total Number of
Shares Purchased as
Part of Publicly
Announced Plans or
Programs
Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar
Value) of Shares that May Yet
be Purchased Under
the Plans or Programs
(in thousands) (2)
July 1 - July 31, 2024 70  $ 204.32  —  $ 314,237 
August 1 - August 31, 2024 457  $ 210.29  —  $ 314,237 
September 1 - September 30, 2024 321  $ 227.09  —  $ 314,237 
Total 848  $ 216.15  — 
___________________________________

(1)Consists of (i) shares surrendered to the Company in connection with exercise of stock options as payment of exercise price, as well as for taxes associated with the vesting of restricted share grants and the conversion of performance awards to shares of common stock and (ii) activity under the Stock Repurchase Program, if any, as indicated under Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs.
(2)The Board of Directors approved the Stock Repurchase Program in July 2020, under which the Company may acquire shares of its common stock in open market or negotiated transactions up to an aggregate purchase price of $500,000,000. Purchases of common stock under the Stock Repurchase Program may be exercised from time to time in the Company’s discretion and in such amounts as market conditions warrant. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors including price, corporate and regulatory requirements, market conditions and other corporate liquidity requirements and priorities. The Stock Repurchase Program does not have an expiration date and may be suspended or terminated at any time without prior notice.

ITEM 3.    DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4.        MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5.        OTHER INFORMATION

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, none of the Company's directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) adopted, terminated or modified a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).

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ITEM 6.        EXHIBITS
Exhibit No.       Description
         
3(i).1   —  
3(i).2   —  
3(i).3   —  
3(i).4 —
3(i).5 —
3(ii).1 —
31.1   —  
31.2   —  
32   —  
101 —
Financial materials from AvalonBay Communities, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2024 formatted in Inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) including: (i) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity, (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (v) Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. (Filed herewith.)
104 — Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document). (Filed herewith.)

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SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
   
   
Date: November 12, 2024 /s/ Benjamin W. Schall
  Benjamin W. Schall
  Chief Executive Officer and President
  (Principal Executive Officer)
   
Date: November 12, 2024 /s/ Kevin P. O'Shea
  Kevin P. O'Shea
  Chief Financial Officer
  (Principal Financial Officer)

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